Instrumentation

Introduction The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has gradually moved away from multiple earthing (also known as repeated grounding) in electrical systems. This shift is driven by safety concerns, electromagnetic compatibility, system stability, and the evolving needs of modern power distribution. This article explores the rationale behind IEC’s decision to eliminate multiple earthing and the implications […]

If you’ve ever tried to communicate with a HART-enabled transmitter and wondered why a 250Ω resistor is essential, you’re not alone. This tiny resistor is a critical piece of the HART communication puzzle—and skipping it could leave you scratching your head with a “dead” signal. In this article, we’ll break down: What HART communication is

1. Introduction In modern industrial control systems, achieving high precision and stability in complex processes is crucial. Various advanced control strategies and techniques have been developed to meet these demands. Among them, the cascade control system is a classic and effective control method widely used in chemical, power, and metallurgical industries. This article provides a

Regular maintenance of chemical industry instruments is vital for ensuring accuracy, reliability, and safety. Effective maintenance prevents common instrument failures, enhances measurement precision, and extends equipment lifespan. This article outlines the essential tools categorized systematically, detailing their specific uses for effective maintenance operations. 1. General-Purpose Tools Manual Tools: Screwdrivers (Phillips and Flathead): Used for dismantling

Electrical leakage is a common yet dangerous issue in both home appliances and industrial equipment. It can cause electric shocks, equipment failure, or even fires. In this guide, you’ll learn how to measure electrical leakage using a digital multimeter, the types of leakage to watch for, and which tools are best suited for the job.

Introduction In industrial environments where flammable gases or vapors are present, understanding explosion limits—also known as LEL (Lower Explosion Limit) and UEL (Upper Explosion Limit)—is not just a technical concern, it’s a life-saving necessity. One spark, and an entire facility can be at risk. This article will help you understand how to manage explosion risks,

In electrical and instrumentation control systems, dry contact and wet contact are two commonly used signal types. These terms describe the way electrical signals are transmitted between devices such as relays, switches, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Understanding the differences between these two contact types is essential for designing and troubleshooting control circuits. 1. What

The selection of calibration gas in the calibration process of flammable gas detectors is a critical factor that directly affects the accuracy of calibration results and the long-term performance of the equipment. This article analyzes the selection of calibration gases, the issue of conversion factors, and related standards. Special attention is given to the feasibility

Steam is commonly measured using mass units such as tons per hour (t/h) or kilograms per hour (kg/h), rather than volume units. This approach provides several advantages, ensuring more accurate measurement and practical application in engineering and commerce. The primary reasons for using mass units for steam measurement are discussed below. 1. The Significant Influence

Introduction In industrial automation and process control, the 4-20mA current loop has become the standard method for transmitting analog signals. It is widely used for measuring and controlling physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, level, and flow. But why has this particular range (4-20mA) been universally adopted over other forms of signal transmission, such as