Instrumentation

Sensitivity in Instrumentation Sensitivity of an instrument is defined as its ability to detect small changes in the input quantity, i.e., how responsive an instrument is to changes in the input. Mathematically, it is represented as the ratio of the change in output to the corresponding change in input. High sensitivity means that even small […]

Introduction In industrial processes, instrumentation failures can lead to production interruptions, false alarms, or even safety hazards. However, many failures are misdiagnosed due to neglecting critical contextual factors such as process conditions or environmental influences. This article presents a three-step diagnostic method that combines process analysis with instrument characteristics and field conditions to help engineers

Introduction Hydrogen leak detectors are a critical part of any hydrogen safety system. However, the market is saturated with flashy claims such as “ultra-sensitive,” “high-precision,” and “lightning-fast.” These often mislead users during selection. Poor choices can result in frequent false alarms, higher maintenance costs, or even failure to alert during a real leak—compromising plant safety.

Introduction In industrial automation, the choice of signal transmission is critical to the reliability and stability of the control system. Among the various methods available, the 4-20mA current signal has become the de facto standard. But why is 4-20mA preferred over alternatives like 0-20mA or 0-10V? This article explores the technical, practical, and safety reasons

1. Introduction Random hardware failures in safety-related systems are typically caused by component wear, degradation, or aging. To effectively control such failures, a combination of reliability engineering techniques must be applied. This article outlines six key strategies to manage random failures and improve the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) of safety-related electrical, electronic, or programmable electronic

🔹 Introduction In many automation projects, the same task—such as laying 100 meters of two-core instrumentation control cable—may yield different outcomes for different contractors. Some profit handsomely, while others suffer losses. Why does this happen? The core reason lies not in technical skill or management loopholes, but in the differences in engineering cost estimation methods.

Introduction In Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS), it is strongly discouraged to route Digital Input (DI) and Digital Output (DO) signals through the same multi-core cable. While this may seem convenient or cost-saving, it is considered poor engineering practice and is typically unacceptable in systems that require high integrity and reliability. Below is a detailed technical

Introduction Chemical production processes often involve hazardous chemicals characterized by flammability, explosiveness, toxicity, high temperature and pressure, and concentration of dangerous sources. Accidents can cause serious damage to human health, the environment, and social stability. In recent years, digital transformation has begun reshaping the way chemicals are produced and managed. Technologies such as the Industrial

Understanding this question is the first step toward doing any control optimization project right. In industrial environments, a “control expert” may come from a variety of backgrounds: instrumentation selection, analytical modeling, control systems, algorithm design, lean management, continuous improvement, big data analytics, or even artificial intelligence. In my own career, I started with advanced process

1. Principles of Reed Switch Operation Reed switches, also known as magnetic switches, are electrical switches controlled by an external magnetic field. They consist of two flexible metal reeds enclosed within a sealed glass tube. The gap between the reeds is very small. The working principle is as follows: Magnetic Activation: When an external magnetic