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Introduction In petrochemical production, automation instruments are the nervous system of the process. They play a critical role in ensuring operational stability, safety, and efficiency. Failures or inaccuracies in these instruments can lead to production losses or even severe safety hazards. This article presents a comprehensive methodology for troubleshooting typical issues in temperature, flow, pressure, […]

Introduction A Safety Instrumented System (SIS) is an independent system designed to prevent or mitigate hazardous events by automatically taking actions to bring a process to a safe state. Given the high risks associated with Level 1 Major Hazard Sources, determining whether an SIS is necessary requires careful evaluation of regulatory requirements, risk assessment results,

In industrial process control, accurate and reliable level measurement is essential for safety, efficiency, and automation. Among various types of level instruments, single-flange and double-flange differential pressure level transmitters are two commonly used solutions in industries such as petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and power generation. This article presents a detailed comparison of these two types of transmitters,

1. What Is an Electrical Schematic Diagram? An electrical schematic diagram (also known as a wiring diagram or circuit diagram) is a visual representation of an electrical system. It illustrates how various electrical components are connected and how current flows through the system. These diagrams serve as the foundational reference for electrical design, installation, commissioning,

1. Fundamental Differences 1.1 Function and Role Category Surge Protective Device (SPD) Lightning Terminal Core Function Limits transient overvoltages (such as lightning surges or switching transients) on power or signal lines. Ensures reliable electrical connection between lightning arrestors and grounding system to discharge lightning current safely. Target Directly protects electronic equipment or control systems from