Instrumentation

Introduction In high-hazard industries such as chemicals, power, and oil & gas, Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) are a critical layer of protection. Yet terms like SIS, SIF, and SIL are often mixed together. This article provides a neutral, practical overview: what each term means, how they relate, how SIL levels differ, and when SIL 3 […]

Sulfur trioxide (SO₃) is a highly reactive and corrosive chemical compound widely used in industrial applications, particularly in the production of sulfuric acid. Due to its hazardous nature, effective safety measures must be implemented to prevent accidents and ensure workplace safety. However, installing toxic gas detectors specifically for SO₃ is not an appropriate or effective

Liquid ammonia (NH₃) is a widely used industrial chemical, particularly in refrigeration systems, fertilizer production, and chemical processing. While invaluable in industry, it is toxic, corrosive, and hazardous under certain conditions. A leak can pose serious risks to people, property, and the environment, making it essential to have a clear, step-by-step response plan. This guide

1. Introduction In industrial gas measurement, two units often appear in technical documents and trade contracts: m³ (cubic meter) and Nm³ (normal cubic meter).While both express volume, their meanings differ significantly due to the influence of temperature and pressure. Understanding the distinction is essential for accurate measurement, energy calculations, and commercial transactions. 2. Definition of

In chemical manufacturing, measurement instruments are not only vital tools for precise control of production processes but also serve as crucial safety barriers that protect personnel, equipment, and the environment. Establishing an effective system of measurement instruments can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and ensure sustainable and safe production. 1. The Role of Measurement

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are widely used in industrial and laboratory environments for accurate temperature measurement. However, their wiring configuration plays a crucial role in ensuring measurement accuracy. The three main wiring types—2-wire, 3-wire, and 4-wire—differ in complexity, cost, and precision. 1. 2-Wire RTD Connection In a 2-wire configuration, one lead wire is connected to

1. Introduction In cable installation, bending radius refers to the minimum radius a cable can be bent without causing mechanical or electrical damage. It is a critical factor in ensuring cable performance, longevity, and compliance with international standards. Ignoring bending radius requirements may lead to insulation cracks, conductor deformation, or signal degradation. 2. What Is

In the world of industrial measurement and control, accuracy is more than just a number on a datasheet — it’s the foundation for safe, efficient, and reliable operations. Whether you’re calibrating a pressure transmitter, troubleshooting a flow meter, or preparing for a certification exam, understanding key error concepts will help you select, operate, and maintain

Water ingress at wiring terminals is one of the most persistent and damaging issues in outdoor instrumentation and control systems. Studies show that over 30% of equipment failures are caused by moisture penetrating wiring junctions, leading to corroded contacts, insulation aging, short circuits, and signal interruptions. Now, a new solution has emerged: the next-generation waterproof

1. Introduction In chemical processing environments, corrosion of instrumentation is often a direct result of inadequate material resistance to the working medium. Among the most aggressive chemical agents is sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), which poses unique challenges to material selection due to its varying corrosive behavior across different concentrations and temperatures. To ensure long-term reliability and