Instrumentation

1. Introduction Flame detectors are critical components of boiler furnace safety supervision systems (FSSS). Their primary function is to monitor combustion status in real time and provide signals once flame instability or extinction occurs, ensuring the timely shutdown of fuel supply. Among flame detectors, infrared (IR) flame detectors and ultraviolet (UV) flame detectors are the […]

Selecting the right instrumentation is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety, stability, and efficiency of chemical processes. The selection process must take into account a variety of factors, such as process conditions, medium characteristics, environmental requirements, and measurement precision. This guide outlines the key steps and considerations to help streamline the selection process. 1.

In large-scale chemical control systems, a typical structure involves a hierarchical separation of control and optimization layers based on time scales. The system is divided as follows: Basic Control (seconds) Advanced Control (minutes) Real-time Optimization (hours) Scheduling (days/weeks) Planning (months/years) This separation simplifies complex problems by addressing different time scales in distinct layers. Can Advanced

Abstract In hazardous-area automation projects, the choice of explosion-proof type is a fundamental engineering decision. While two-wire transmitters are commonly designed as intrinsically safe (Ex i), engineers often ask whether four-wire instruments can also achieve intrinsic safety. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis from the perspectives of power consumption, energy limitations, international standards, and engineering

Abstract Pneumatic conveying is a widely used method for transporting powders and granular materials in modern industries. By using compressed air as the driving force, it enables efficient, dust-free, and flexible material handling over long distances. This article introduces the basic principles, pressure requirements, pressure loss mechanisms, causes of fluctuations, vessel pressure behavior, and industrial

Root Causes and Practical Protection Measures 1. Introduction In chemical and process industries, the reliable operation of field instruments is critical to production safety and efficiency. During the rainy and thunderstorm season, instruments are particularly vulnerable to failures caused by moisture ingress, water accumulation, and lightning strikes.This document provides a structured guide to rainproofing and

1. Introduction Plant start-up and shutdown are routine operations in chemical plants. While short-term shutdowns have limited impact on instrumentation, extended shutdowns—such as those required for major overhauls or unexpected events—demand careful attention from instrumentation engineers and technicians. Improper handling can lead to equipment damage, delayed commissioning, or even safety incidents.This document provides technical guidance

01. Why Establish an Instrument Ledger? 1.1 Clarify Asset Inventory A well-maintained instrument ledger helps answer three foundational questions: How many instruments are installed in the plant? What are their models and technical parameters? Where are they installed, specifically? Many facilities struggle to provide immediate answers to these questions. A precise ledger serves as a

Abstract In modern process industries, most equipment and system failures can be traced back to a limited set of underlying causes. This article summarizes the seven most common factors that affect industrial automation and control systems, explains their impact, and provides recommended countermeasures for engineers and maintenance teams. 1. Measurement Signal Problems Accurate measurement is

Abstract In modern industrial production, automation instruments are key tools for process monitoring, control, and safety assurance. To ensure accurate identification, rational arrangement, and efficient management of numerous instruments, the industry widely adopts instrument tag numbers as a standardized method of identification.This article explains the significance of tag numbers, common compilation rules, international standards, and