Instrumentation

The representation of pH has long intrigued learners of chemistry. While the scientific community universally accepts this notation, the reasoning behind the lowercase “p” and uppercase “H” is often misunderstood. Let’s explore this topic in depth, starting with the basics of pH, its origins, and why this specific notation is used. 1. What is pH? […]

In the petrochemical industry, crude benzene may not be the most expensive raw material, but it is certainly one of the most unpredictable variables in process control. It appears throughout key stages such as aromatization, hydrotreating, and storage & transport. Once out of control, crude benzene can impact not only production efficiency but also plant

1. Introduction With the rapid development of the lithium battery industry, lithium sulfate (Li₂SO₄) and ferric sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃) have emerged as essential chemical compounds in the supply chain. They serve not only as precursors for battery materials but also play critical roles in metallurgy, wastewater treatment, and catalysis. Precise measurement of their purity and composition

1. Introduction Advanced Process Control (APC) is a technology designed to enhance the performance, stability, and efficiency of industrial processes. By utilizing modern control theories, computational methods, and sensor technologies, APC provides optimized process control, particularly in industries where traditional methods struggle with complex dynamics, multi-variable interactions, and strong coupling effects. APC has been a

Hazardous industrial environments — such as chemical plants, oil refineries, pharmaceutical production lines, and grain processing facilities — are often at risk of explosions due to the presence of flammable gases, vapors, or dust. In such areas, proper electrical grounding (earthing) is not just a safety feature — it is a regulatory requirement that forms

1. Introduction Material flow issues such as jamming, clogging, and material adhesion are common problems in industrial production. These issues can significantly impact production efficiency, cause equipment damage, and increase downtime. Therefore, understanding their causes, consequences, and potential solutions is crucial for maintaining a stable and efficient production process. 2. Definitions and Key Differences 2.1

Explosion-proof equipment is crucial in industries where hazardous conditions, such as flammable gases or combustible dust, are present. The metal enclosures that house these equipments play a vital role in preventing any potential ignition source from triggering an explosion. Here are the detailed requirements for the metal components used in these enclosures: 1. Corrosion Resistance

In the field of precision metrology, force calibration plays a critical role in ensuring the accuracy and traceability of force-measuring instruments such as load cells, force transducers, and material testing machines. While force is the primary quantity under evaluation, the measurement of pressure and flow is of fundamental importance within force calibration systems. These auxiliary

When using a multimeter to measure resistance, it is essential to power off the circuit.✅ For safe and accurate resistance measurements, we recommend using a reliable instrument like the Fluke 117 Digital Multimeter along with proper insulated gloves. 1. Ensuring Measurement Accuracy Accurate resistance measurement requires a controlled environment, which is compromised if the circuit

When working with control valves and actuators, a common question arises:Do smart valve positioners come in different types for linear and rotary motion?The answer is yes—while the internal control principles remain similar, smart positioners are specifically designed to suit linear and rotary actuators differently. What is a Smart Positioner? A smart positioner is a digital