Instrumentation

Introduction In industrial automation, smart devices, and measurement & control systems, sensors serve as the key bridge connecting the “physical world” with the “digital system.” As the critical component interacting directly with the object being measured, the sensor’s performance determines the accuracy of subsequent signal processing and control decisions. Definition, Role, and Core Concept Definition […]

Despite being considered “low-tech” or overly simple by some engineers, the dominance of PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers in the industrial control domain remains unchallenged. There are several reasons for this enduring supremacy, which are outlined below: 1. Simple yet Effective PID controllers are based on a simple mathematical model, making them easy to understand and implement.

In the design and installation of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS), one seemingly “convenient” practice—routing Digital Input (DI) and Digital Output (DO) signals through the same multi-core cable—may present serious risks. Did you know that this wiring method is not only discouraged, but also prohibited in many high-reliability environments? In this article, we will explore the

Steam is one of the most widely used energy carriers in industrial processes. From food processing and pharmaceuticals to chemical plants, paper mills, and power generation, steam plays a crucial role as both a heat transfer medium and a source of mechanical energy. This article provides a system-level overview of how a steam and condensate

1. General Concept of DCS System A Distributed Control System (DCS) is a computer-based control system used for industrial process automation. It combines distributed control units (at the field level) with a centralized operation and monitoring system (at the upper level) to achieve real-time measurement, control, alarm handling, trend analysis, and management of production processes.

In the selection and calibration of instruments, we often hear discussions like: “This pressure transmitter is 0.5 class, the accuracy should be fine” or “The measurement result is off by 0.2 kPa, the accuracy of this instrument is poor.” However, these statements confuse two crucial concepts: Accuracy and Accuracy Class. While they are related, they

In various fields such as industrial automation, pharmaceutical production, and environmental monitoring, paperless recorders have gradually replaced traditional chart recorders due to their powerful data acquisition, storage, retrieval, and analysis functions. As the “data black box” of production processes, the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of the data recorded are paramount. To ensure this “trustworthy” data,

Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis is one of the most essential tools in process safety management.However, many companies still struggle to determine when it must be conducted — is it mandatory only during design? Should it be repeated during operation? What if personnel or process conditions change? This article summarizes key regulatory requirements and practical

1. Control of Impurities and Salts ConcentrationDuring the operation of the steam generator, soluble and insoluble impurities (such as calcium and magnesium ions) in the feedwater become increasingly concentrated as water evaporates. If blowdown is not performed regularly, the concentration of impurities in the boiler water will rise, which can reduce steam quality and potentially

1. Working Principle of a Centrifugal Pump Before starting, the centrifugal pump must first be filled with liquid. When the impeller rotates, the liquid is subjected to centrifugal force and is thrown towards the outer edge of the impeller. This imparts kinetic energy to the liquid, which is then discharged through the outlet. Meanwhile, the