Instrumentation

Understanding the Principles Behind 3-Wire and 4-Wire Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) 1. Overview RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors) measure temperature based on the principle that a metal’s resistance changes with temperature. However, when connecting an RTD to an instrument located at a distance, the resistance of the lead wires can introduce significant measurement errors. To reduce […]

Abstract:Metrological calibration plays a critical role in ensuring product quality and process compliance. In modern manufacturing and instrumentation environments, two common approaches are adopted: internal calibration (in-house) and external calibration (third-party). This article presents a comprehensive comparison between the two methods, helping manufacturers optimize their calibration strategies. 1. Internal Calibration and Inspection (In-House) Definition:Internal calibration

Proper installation of measurement and pneumatic signal lines is essential for ensuring instrumentation accuracy, system safety, and long-term reliability. This document outlines key considerations and best practices during layout and installation. 1. Environmental and Routing Considerations Avoidance of Hazards: Measurement and pneumatic signal lines should be routed away from high-temperature areas, corrosive environments, process venting

1. Introduction Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) are crucial components of chemical process design. They serve to clearly illustrate all equipment, instruments, pipelines, valves, and related utilities in the process system. This document outlines the typical design considerations for pressure, temperature, pumps, and vessel-related P&ID diagrams. 2. Design Pressure 2.1 Terminology Gauge Pressure (G) /

“Just when I got the hang of 4–20 mA signals and HART protocol, here comes APL?”Yes, the pace of innovation in industrial automation is fast—sometimes faster than your smartphone updates. So what exactly is APL? What makes APL-based instruments different from traditional ones? And why are more and more factories embracing this new technology? What

1. Introduction With the rapid advancement of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, edge computing, digital twins, and artificial intelligence (AI), the petrochemical industry is undergoing a transformation from traditional automation to intelligent information systems. In response, China’s Ministry of Emergency Management issued the “Industrial Internet + Hazardous Chemical Safety

1. Classification and Properties of Common Chemical Media A. Acids Media Chemical Formula Characteristics Safety Precautions Sulfuric Acid H₂SO₄ Strongly corrosive, high density (1.84 g/cm³), highly exothermic when diluted Use acid-resistant materials (e.g., PP, PTFE, lead); always add acid to water Hydrochloric Acid HCl Strong volatility, pungent smell, reacts with metals to release hydrogen gas

Industrial instrumentation serves as the “eyes” and “nerves” of automation systems in chemical plants. From real-time monitoring and signal transmission to precision control, instruments are the backbone of safe, efficient, and intelligent manufacturing. This article explores five critical dimensions in which instrumentation plays a pivotal role—safety defense, process control, maintenance innovation, cost optimization, and decision

The classification of metrology institutions refers to the hierarchical management of organizations engaged in measurement and calibration services. This system is designed to facilitate effective regulation, guidance, and assessment of these institutions. The classification standards involve a range of factors, including industry regulations, legal frameworks, administrative practices, and technical competency. Key Evaluation Factors for Classification

The refining sector forms the first and one of the most critical segments of the petrochemical processing chain. By the end of 2016, China had reached a refining capacity of 750 million tons per annum, accounting for 15% of global capacity and ranking second in the world. Instrumentation and automation systems in refineries are designed