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In programmable logic controller (PLC) applications, discrete logic control refers to the processing of binary signals—on/off, true/false—based on specific logical relationships. This document outlines three commonly used programming approaches: Basic Logic Design, Advanced Logic Design, and Engineering Design Methods. 1. Basic Logic Design Method The basic logic design method uses simple logic operations (AND, OR,

In automatic control systems, achieving bumpless transfer is crucial. Bumpless transfer refers to the ability to switch between manual and automatic modes without introducing any disturbances into the process. Typically, switching from automatic to manual mode is straightforward. However, switching from manual to automatic mode is more complex and demands careful design. 1. Bumpless Transfer

1. Introduction In industrial process control, disturbances such as sudden changes in input or load conditions can significantly affect system stability. While PID controllers are widely used for maintaining process setpoints, combining them with feedforward control can enhance responsiveness and reduce output fluctuations. This paper discusses how feedforward and PID control can work together, using

Overview Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) are the final line of defense in chemical and process industries. They protect personnel, equipment, and the environment from hazardous events by automatically transitioning processes into safe states under abnormal conditions such as overpressure, overtemperature, or high level alarms. However, interlocks can fail due to various reasons, often resulting in