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In various fields such as industrial automation, pharmaceutical production, and environmental monitoring, paperless recorders have gradually replaced traditional chart recorders due to their powerful data acquisition, storage, retrieval, and analysis functions. As the “data black box” of production processes, the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of the data recorded are paramount. To ensure this “trustworthy” data,

Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis is one of the most essential tools in process safety management.However, many companies still struggle to determine when it must be conducted — is it mandatory only during design? Should it be repeated during operation? What if personnel or process conditions change? This article summarizes key regulatory requirements and practical

1. Control of Impurities and Salts ConcentrationDuring the operation of the steam generator, soluble and insoluble impurities (such as calcium and magnesium ions) in the feedwater become increasingly concentrated as water evaporates. If blowdown is not performed regularly, the concentration of impurities in the boiler water will rise, which can reduce steam quality and potentially

1. Working Principle of a Centrifugal Pump Before starting, the centrifugal pump must first be filled with liquid. When the impeller rotates, the liquid is subjected to centrifugal force and is thrown towards the outer edge of the impeller. This imparts kinetic energy to the liquid, which is then discharged through the outlet. Meanwhile, the