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Introduction In industrial automation, the choice of signal transmission is critical to the reliability and stability of the control system. Among the various methods available, the 4-20mA current signal has become the de facto standard. But why is 4-20mA preferred over alternatives like 0-20mA or 0-10V? This article explores the technical, practical, and safety reasons

1. Introduction Random hardware failures in safety-related systems are typically caused by component wear, degradation, or aging. To effectively control such failures, a combination of reliability engineering techniques must be applied. This article outlines six key strategies to manage random failures and improve the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) of safety-related electrical, electronic, or programmable electronic

🔹 Introduction In many automation projects, the same task—such as laying 100 meters of two-core instrumentation control cable—may yield different outcomes for different contractors. Some profit handsomely, while others suffer losses. Why does this happen? The core reason lies not in technical skill or management loopholes, but in the differences in engineering cost estimation methods.