In process control systems, buffer tank level control (LIC) is typically considered a “slow-variable” control loop. Usually, a level controller stabilizes the level by cascade controlling the feed flow rate (FIC1). However, when a second feed flow rate controller (FIC2) is added to the system, new challenges arise: How should control authority be distributed between […]
In the refining industry, there are tens of thousands of advanced control systems in operation, and when extended to sectors such as chemicals and power, the global number of such systems could reach hundreds of thousands. While offline mechanistic models exceed the scale of advanced control applications, real-time optimization based on steady-state mechanistic models is
Real-Time Optimization in Chemical and Petrochemical Plants: A Cost-Benefit Analysis Read More »
In the oil, chemical, and energy transportation industries, the term “loading arm” (also known as liquid unloading arms) is commonly encountered. It is an indispensable piece of equipment in liquid material handling systems, widely used for transporting flammable, explosive, or toxic liquids due to its safe, efficient, environmentally friendly, and sealed loading and unloading capabilities.
Is a Loading Arm the Same as a Unloading Arm? Read More »
What Types of Float Flowmeters Are There? Where Are They Applied? Float flowmeters are widely used in various flow measurement applications. According to statistics, about 15% of domestic flow measurements utilize float flowmeters. There are two types: glass and metal. Glass Float Flowmeter: Suitable for measuring small to medium and micro flow rates. It can
Understanding the Float Flowmeter in 1 Minute: From Beginner to Expert Read More »
A grounding system (also called an earthing system) is an essential part of electrical installations, ensuring safety, preventing electric shocks, protecting equipment, and maintaining the stability of power systems. Below is a detailed breakdown of the components that constitute a grounding system and their respective functions: 1. Grounding Electrode (Earth Electrode) The grounding electrode is
Components of a Grounding System Read More »
The core logic behind the source calibration method is to trace the origin of data (such as original collection devices, reference documents, or authoritative data sources) and verify its accuracy by comparing it with a “source standard.” This method is especially suitable for data types where the origin is traceable and there is an objective
Overview of the Source Calibration Method Read More »
An outstanding chemical instrumentation technician is defined by a combination of solid technical knowledge, process adaptation, safety compliance, and efficient collaboration. Excellence in this field requires a multifaceted approach, focusing on continuous improvement across several areas. Below are key directions for becoming an outstanding technician: 1. Mastering Technical Skills: From “Basic Understanding” to “Expertise” 1.1
How to Become an Outstanding Chemical Instrumentation Technician Read More »
In engineering projects, the intersection of process and electrical instrumentation design often becomes a hotspot for issues. From installation interfaces to instrument gas leaks, from design defects in complete sets of equipment to the “three-proof” requirements for control cabinets, these seemingly minor details can lead to significant risks during construction. Why do these problems keep
The Three Major Hazards of Direct Lightning Strikes Direct lightning strikes can cause three primary types of damage: electrical effects, thermal effects, and mechanical effects. Electrical EffectsThe electrical impact of a lightning strike is reflected in the high-voltage surge, which can range from several hundred thousand to millions of volts. When lightning strikes equipment, it
How to Protect Storage Tanks from Direct Lightning Strikes Read More »
In high-risk environments such as petrochemical plants, gas stations, tunnels, and laboratories, toxic and combustible gas detectors serve as the first line of defense for both personnel safety and the stable operation of equipment. So, do these detectors require verification or calibration? What is the difference between these two processes? Who is responsible for them,
Calibration and Verification of Toxic and Combustible Gas Detectors Read More »
