1. Units of Flow Measurement, Range, and Accuracy 1.1 Selection of Flow Measurement Units Flow measurement units should be chosen based on the type of flow being measured and adhere to the following guidelines: Volume flow rate: Should be expressed in m³/h or L/h. Mass flow rate: Should be expressed in kg/h or t/h. Standard […]
Detailed Guidelines for Flow Measurement Instrument Selection Read More »
1. Purpose & Scope This document provides a structured, methodical approach to diagnosing faults in industrial instruments and control loops. It is intended for maintenance engineers, instrument technicians, and commissioning teams working on transmitters, indicators, recorders, PLC/RTU I/O, and ancillary devices. 2. Safety & ESD Precautions De-energize circuits whenever practical; apply lock-out/tag-out (LOTO). Verify absence
Universal Troubleshooting Guide for Industrial Instrumentation Read More »
1. Introduction The accuracy grade of a level meter is one of its most critical performance indicators. It is usually expressed as a percentage relative to the full scale (FS). Due to different measurement principles and application environments, the achievable accuracy varies significantly.This article provides a systematic overview of: General accuracy classification Accuracy characteristics of
Accuracy Differences Among Various Level Meters Read More »
Differential pressure (DP) transmitters are the workhorses behind level, flow, and filter monitoring across process plants. Yet most performance problems trace back to fundamentals—mounting, impulse line routing, wiring, and commissioning. This guide distills field-proven practices so your DP devices start accurate and stay reliable. 1) How a DP Transmitter Works (Quick refresher) A DP transmitter
Transmitter TEST terminals play a crucial role in the calibration, maintenance, and troubleshooting of various industrial and laboratory equipment. These terminals are often overlooked but are essential for ensuring accurate and reliable performance. Understanding their function and the different ways they can be utilized is key for effective use and system optimization. 1. Purpose of
The Function and Uses of Transmitter TEST Terminals Read More »
1. Introduction In process automation, handheld communicators are essential tools for configuring, calibrating, and diagnosing smart field instruments. Among the most common communication protocols supported by these devices are HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer), BRAIN (Bit Rate Adjustable Intelligent Network), and Foundation Fieldbus (FF).Understanding their differences in communication principles, features, and application scenarios is crucial
Comparison of HART, BRAIN, and Foundation Fieldbus Protocols for Handheld Communicators Read More »
Abstract The IMA8-EZ02 paperless recorder is a modern data acquisition and visualization platform for process industries. It supports multi-signal inputs (current, voltage, thermocouples, RTDs, resistance, frequency), real-time and historical trending, and secure solid-state storage with USB export. Optional 4–20 mA analog outputs, 24 VDC transmitter power, and serial communications make it easy to integrate with
IMA8-EZ02 Paperless Recorder: Features, Wiring, Applications & Best Practices Read More »
Executive Summary Main metallurgical difference: 316L has lower carbon (≤0.03%) than 316 (≤0.08%), which reduces sensitization during welding and thermal exposure (≈450–850 °C) and helps prevent intergranular corrosion in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Strength vs. reliability trade-off: 316 is slightly stronger; 316L offers better weld integrity and cleanliness compliance (sanitary/CIP/SIP). Selection rule of thumb: Welded
Stainless Steel 316 vs 316L: What’s the Difference? Read More »
1) Why this matters Being able to read a cabinet and a cable schedule at a glance speeds up commissioning and reduces wiring mistakes that lead to nuisance trips or silent failures. This guide summarizes field-proven rules for AI/AO/DI/DO wiring, shows how to choose between NO/NC contacts under the fail-safe principle, and explains how to
Introduction With the continuous advancement of industrial technology, hydrogen has become an important industrial gas widely used in power generation, chemical processing, electronics manufacturing, and other sectors. In these applications, accurate measurement of hydrogen humidity is essential for ensuring process safety and improving product quality. A hydrogen gas humidity meter is a specialized instrument designed
Calibration and Verification of Hydrogen Gas Humidity Meters Read More »
