PLC

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are at the core of industrial automation. Among all supply voltages, 24V DC has become the global standard. This choice is not accidental—it is the result of careful consideration of safety, stability, electromagnetic compatibility, energy efficiency, universality, and cost-effectiveness. 1. Enhanced Safety Safety is the top priority in industrial environments. 24V […]

In industrial safety and control systems, emergency stop (E-stop) buttons play a critical role in protecting personnel and equipment from harm in the event of an urgent situation. E-stop buttons, often featuring protective covers, are designed to halt machinery immediately when pressed. Whether or not these protective covers should be locked or sealed is a

1. Introduction Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are the backbone of modern industrial production. Their architecture is designed with multiple layers to ensure efficiency, reliability, and stability. This document provides a structured overview of ICS architecture, communication networks, redundancy and security mechanisms, and future development trends. 2. Three-Tier Architecture of ICS 2.1 Field Control Layer —

Abstract In Modbus communication systems based on RS-485, termination resistors are often mentioned as a means of improving signal integrity. However, whether they are always required depends on several technical factors such as cable length, baud rate, and network topology. This document explains the principles, application scenarios, and practical guidelines for deciding when to use

In industrial processes, ensuring safety and preventing catastrophic failures are paramount. Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and their associated functions and assessments, such as Safety Instrumented Functions (SIF) and Safety Integrity Levels (SIL), play a critical role in managing and mitigating risk. Here, we’ll discuss these terms in detail, including the distinctions between them and their

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are designed to operate reliably in industrial environments, but proper installation practices are critical to ensure long-term stability, safety, and maintainability. This document summarizes the key requirements for PLC installation, covering environmental conditions, grounding, cabinet setup, commissioning, redundancy testing, program backup, and software maintenance. 1. Environmental Requirements Enclosure: Install PLCs in

1. Introduction In industrial electrical control systems, the concepts of self-locking, interlocking, and mutual locking are fundamental. Although similar in terminology, each has distinct logic, application, and purpose. This document provides a structured comparison of these three control methods, with definitions, working principles, typical applications, and schematic diagrams. 2. Self-Locking (Hold-On Circuit) 2.1 Definition Self-locking

In industrial process automation, the 4-20mA signal is one of the most widely used standards for transmitting analog data from sensors and transmitters to control systems. This signal range, where 4mA typically represents the zero or minimum of a process variable and 20mA represents the maximum, allows control systems to monitor and manage a wide

In industrial automation and safety-critical systems, ensuring the integrity of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) is crucial. The role of SIS in an industrial environment is to mitigate risks and initiate protective actions independently from regular operational control systems, specifically the Distributed Control System (DCS). A common question in this domain is whether a DCS can

Abstract RS485 is frequently misunderstood as a “communication protocol,” whereas in reality, it is a physical layer interface standard. This article explains the fundamentals of RS485, highlights common misconceptions, compares it with application protocols such as Modbus RTU, and provides practical engineering guidelines for installation, wiring, and troubleshooting. 1. What Exactly is RS485? RS485 is