PLC

In the field of process safety and instrumented system design, one common question often surfaces: “If a safety function has an achieved SIL (SILa) of SIL0, do we still need to retain that SIL rating in the interlock logic?” At first glance, the answer may seem obvious—SIL0 means “no required safety integrity,” so we can […]

RS-485 is a widely used serial communication standard known for its robustness, simplicity, and effectiveness over long distances. However, when it comes to speed, RS-485 has a clear upper limit—10 Mbps under ideal conditions—and most practical applications run well below that. But why is it so difficult to push RS-485 beyond 10 Mbps? Let’s break

Oscilloscopes are essential tools in electronics for visualizing electrical signals. One key feature that users often need to understand is the difference between DC coupling and AC coupling. These modes control how the oscilloscope processes the input signal, either displaying all components of the signal or focusing specifically on its alternating current (AC) parts. In

In the evolving world of industrial automation, Model Predictive Control (MPC) is often positioned as the future of process control—boasting advanced features like constraint handling, multi-variable coordination, and performance optimization. But will MPC replace the time-tested PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller, which has dominated the industry for nearly a century? From a conservative engineering perspective, the answer

This article examines whether Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) are required for Level-3 major hazard sources involving liquefied gases. The analysis is based on Chinese regulations, industry standards, and risk assessment methodologies. We explore key conditions under which SIS becomes necessary, especially for hazardous chemicals such as LNG, LPG, and liquid ammonia. 1. Regulatory and Standard-Based

1. General Principles for I/O Allocation 1.1 Redundancy Principle To comply with the single-fault tolerance requirement, redundant devices should be assigned to different controllers or I/O modules to ensure that failure in one does not affect the entire system. 1.2 Power Isolation Principle DO points may have different power sources (e.g., 24VDC or 220VAC, powered

1. Introduction In process industries, liquid level is a typical integrating process variable, representing the physical balance of inflows and outflows in a vessel. Due to its integrating nature, level control loops often exhibit a unique set of challenges when applying conventional PID tuning methods—especially regarding the integral time. One of the most common issues

In industrial automation, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are the backbone of reliable and repeatable control systems. But one common question from engineers and end users alike is: Can a PLC function without an HMI (Human-Machine Interface) or SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system? The short answer is yes — a PLC can absolutely run

In industrial environments such as oil, gas, petrochemical, and chemical industries, safety is paramount. Many systems and concepts have been developed to mitigate risks and protect both personnel and infrastructure. Among these systems are SIS (Safety Instrumented System), SIF (Safety Instrumented Function), and SIL (Safety Integrity Level). Other related terms like SILa and SIL0 are

In chemical manufacturing, the stable operation of the DCS (Distributed Control System) is a cornerstone of both safety and efficiency. However, a seemingly insignificant issue such as an aging data cable can trigger serious chain reactions — including interlock activation, emergency shutdowns, and potential process disruptions. This case study details how a fault in a