Instrumentation

Explosion-proof flexible conduits, also known as explosion-proof flexible metal hoses, play a crucial role in hazardous areas where flammable gases, vapors, or combustible dusts are present. These conduits are designed to protect electrical cables and maintain the integrity of explosion-proof enclosures. Proper installation is essential to ensure system safety, durability, and compliance with explosion-proof standards. […]

1. Key Selection Criteria and Technical Rationale 1.1 Cable Type Selection Shielding Configuration Analog Signals (AI/AO): Use double shielding (individual + overall shield). Reason: Analog signals are highly susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Double shielding effectively isolates external noise and ensures signal accuracy. Digital Signals (DI/DO): Use single shielding in general environments; double shielding in

Introduction Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is a critical aspect in the design and commissioning of electronic equipment. From industrial automation systems to household appliances and high-tech electronics, EMC issues can affect device performance, safety, and longevity. As the electromagnetic environment becomes increasingly complex, effective EMC design and interference troubleshooting have become essential skills for engineers. This

Background In chemical plants and other process industries, it is common to encounter discrepancies between the output of field-mounted differential pressure (DP) transmitters and the values displayed or processed in the Distributed Control System (DCS). One of the most frequent causes is the inconsistent application of square root extraction (SQRT)—a method used to linearize flow

1. Introduction: A Critical but Elusive Need Everyone agrees: petrochemical enterprises must build a safety instrumentation failure database. But how exactly should it be done? Few have answers. Some industry experts stress the need for such a database during inspections, yet offer no actionable path forward. Meanwhile, frontline workers hold piles of failure records without

In a 24V DC power system, if neither terminal is connected to ground (i.e., the system is floating), the voltage between each terminal and ground is undefined and may fluctuate. However, once the power supply is connected to an instrument, the reference potential stabilizes, and this typically has no negative effect on instrument operation. When

Instrument calibration and measurement procedures are essential for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of equipment used in laboratories, calibration facilities, and even within industrial enterprises. Adhering to proper calibration guidelines is crucial for maintaining quality standards and ensuring traceability of measurements. This article provides a detailed overview of the purpose, responsibilities, and processes involved in

Introduction In piping systems, selecting the correct pipe size is essential for ensuring compatibility, safety, and optimal performance. However, confusion often arises around the term “Nominal Diameter” (DN) and its relationship with a pipe’s outer diameter (OD) and inner diameter (ID). This article aims to clarify these concepts and provide practical guidance for selecting and

Cable trays are a fundamental component in electrical and communication engineering projects. Their procurement costs constitute a significant portion of the overall budget. One key decision during procurement is whether to settle costs based on weight or length. The chosen method directly affects cost control, quality assurance, and contract management. This article provides a detailed

Process instruments are critical components in industrial automation and control systems. To ensure their quality, safety, and compliance in different markets, manufacturers must meet various international certification standards. Below is a categorized summary of 23 commonly used certifications. 🛡️ 1. Safety and Explosion Protection Certifications Certification Region Description IECEx Global International system for explosion protection