Instrumentation

Introduction When selecting instruments for hazardous areas classified as Zone 2, it is crucial to consider safety standards and the nature of the installation. Two common protection methods for electrical instruments in hazardous environments are intrinsic safety (Ex i) and explosion-proof (Ex d). Understanding their principles, advantages, and limitations helps in making an informed choice. […]

Introduction Advanced Process Control (APC) technology has been widely adopted in the refining industry, significantly improving efficiency and profitability. However, its benefits are not confined to refining alone. Many other industries can leverage APC to optimize operations, reduce costs, and maximize returns on investment. This article explores the fundamentals of APC, its impact on refining,

When designing and installing electrical systems, it is essential to ensure that the grounding system is safe, efficient, and complies with the standards. This includes selecting the correct color and wire gauge for grounding wires. Proper grounding protects both equipment and individuals from electrical faults and hazards, so it’s critical to understand the rules and

Introduction O-rings, circular cross-section elastic sealing elements, are widely used in both static and dynamic sealing applications due to their simple structure, excellent sealing performance, and cost-effectiveness. In chemical instrumentation, O-rings must endure extreme working conditions, including high temperatures, high pressures, and corrosive media. Therefore, their material selection, design, and installation require a high level

Introduction A potentiometer is an adjustable resistor component widely used in electronic circuits to regulate current, voltage, and signal distribution. Due to its ability to finely tune circuit parameters, potentiometers are crucial in audio equipment, household appliances, industrial control systems, and precision instruments. This article provides an in-depth exploration of the working principles, classifications, applications,

Measurement accuracy and reliability are crucial in various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and environmental monitoring. To ensure the correctness of measuring instruments, two essential procedures are employed: verification and calibration. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they have distinct purposes, regulatory implications, and methodologies. This article explores the key differences between verification and calibration

Introduction Coal remains one of the most critical energy sources globally, directly influencing industrial energy efficiency, economic value, and environmental impact. To accurately assess the quality of coal, various analytical instruments and testing equipment are essential. These tools enable precise analysis of coal’s physical and chemical properties, optimizing its utilization and ensuring compliance with industry

IntroductionIn the realm of industrial automation, analog signals—representing continuously changing physical quantities—play a pivotal role in process control, monitoring, and data acquisition. Unlike digital signals, which are discrete, analog signals can take an infinite number of intermediate values, offering a more precise reflection of real-world changes. As Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing evolve, analog technology

When both a variable frequency drive (VFD) and a control valve are available as operational tools, liquid level control systems are often designed with two single-loop controllers, LIC1 and LIC2, as shown in the diagram above. As many of us know, when there is one controlled variable and two manipulated variables, several control strategies are

Measurement testing, also known as metrology, is the science of measurement, which involves the process of determining the physical properties or parameters of an object or substance through a series of precise tests. In physics, this often refers to the use of specialized instruments to measure objects according to specific, standardized procedures. It includes activities