Instrumentation

In industrial settings, especially in hazardous environments where there’s a risk of explosion or fire, maintaining electrical safety is of utmost importance. Zener barriers and isolated barriers are both crucial devices used to protect intrinsically safe circuits (i.e., circuits designed to prevent ignition of hazardous gases or dust). Although both safety barriers aim to prevent […]

1. Scope This standard specifies the classification, methods, system structure, grounding resistance, and design principles of instrument system grounding. It aims to ensure safe and reliable grounding for instrumentation and control systems to prevent electrical hazards and interference. 2. Grounding Classification and Methods 2.1 Protective Grounding Protective grounding is implemented to prevent electric shock and

Introduction Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) are essential tools for tracking and regulating air pollution emissions from industrial sources. These systems provide real-time, continuous data on the concentration of various pollutants in exhaust gases, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. CEMS is widely used in industries such as power generation, steel manufacturing, cement production, and glassmaking

With rapid industrialization and urbanization, wastewater discharge has increasingly become a global concern. Wastewater treatment equipment plays a critical role in addressing these issues by purifying wastewater, preventing environmental contamination, and promoting efficient reuse of water resources. Modern wastewater treatment equipment emphasizes automation and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to enhance operational efficiency and stability

Introduction The proper arrangement of pressure, temperature, and flow instruments, along with valves, in a pipeline system is crucial for accurate measurement, efficient control, and safe operation. Incorrect placement can lead to measurement errors, inefficient system performance, and potential safety hazards. This article outlines the general guidelines and best practices for installing these instruments to

When performing routine checks on a chemical instrument pressure transmitter, the following steps should be followed to ensure its proper functioning and accuracy: 1. Visual Inspection Inspect the transmitter’s exterior for any visible damage, deformation, or corrosion. Ensure that the housing is intact and free from cracks or other physical issues that might compromise its

Introduction Neutral lines play a critical role in modern power systems. They are indispensable for power transmission and distribution, directly influencing both safety and stability. This article explores the definition, importance, alternatives, and the impact of three-phase imbalance on neutral lines, aiming to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of their significance in power systems.

Introduction When working in hazardous areas, a common question arises: Can explosion-proof junction boxes be opened while energized? This seemingly simple question is crucial for both safety and operational efficiency. Many professionals lack a thorough understanding of the specific requirements for different explosion-proof enclosures, leading to potential safety risks. Moreover, selecting and using junction boxes

Introduction When selecting instruments for hazardous areas classified as Zone 2, it is crucial to consider safety standards and the nature of the installation. Two common protection methods for electrical instruments in hazardous environments are intrinsic safety (Ex i) and explosion-proof (Ex d). Understanding their principles, advantages, and limitations helps in making an informed choice.

Introduction Advanced Process Control (APC) technology has been widely adopted in the refining industry, significantly improving efficiency and profitability. However, its benefits are not confined to refining alone. Many other industries can leverage APC to optimize operations, reduce costs, and maximize returns on investment. This article explores the fundamentals of APC, its impact on refining,