Instrumentation

1. What Is Grounding Resistance? Grounding resistance refers to the resistance encountered by electrical current as it flows from a grounding device into the earth and disperses either toward another grounding electrode or into distant ground. It includes: The resistance of the grounding conductor and electrode, The contact resistance between the grounding electrode and soil, […]

In the petrochemical industry, flammable gas detectors serve as a first line of defense for safety. At the heart of these detectors lies the sensor (probe)—a component that often fails unexpectedly. But contrary to popular belief, most failures aren’t due to poor quality, but rather due to environmental stress, incorrect usage, and poor maintenance practices.

In industrial environments, instruments such as flow meters, transmitters, and level gauges may encounter various operational issues. To troubleshoot and restore their proper functionality, four commonly used methods are typically applied: Power Cycling, Factory Reset, Substitution Method, and Professional Diagnostic Testing. This article provides a detailed explanation of each method, including practical scenarios, precautions, and

Explosion-proof flexible conduits, also known as explosion-proof flexible metal hoses, play a crucial role in hazardous areas where flammable gases, vapors, or combustible dusts are present. These conduits are designed to protect electrical cables and maintain the integrity of explosion-proof enclosures. Proper installation is essential to ensure system safety, durability, and compliance with explosion-proof standards.

1. Key Selection Criteria and Technical Rationale 1.1 Cable Type Selection Shielding Configuration Analog Signals (AI/AO): Use double shielding (individual + overall shield). Reason: Analog signals are highly susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Double shielding effectively isolates external noise and ensures signal accuracy. Digital Signals (DI/DO): Use single shielding in general environments; double shielding in

Introduction Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is a critical aspect in the design and commissioning of electronic equipment. From industrial automation systems to household appliances and high-tech electronics, EMC issues can affect device performance, safety, and longevity. As the electromagnetic environment becomes increasingly complex, effective EMC design and interference troubleshooting have become essential skills for engineers. This

Background In chemical plants and other process industries, it is common to encounter discrepancies between the output of field-mounted differential pressure (DP) transmitters and the values displayed or processed in the Distributed Control System (DCS). One of the most frequent causes is the inconsistent application of square root extraction (SQRT)—a method used to linearize flow

1. Introduction: A Critical but Elusive Need Everyone agrees: petrochemical enterprises must build a safety instrumentation failure database. But how exactly should it be done? Few have answers. Some industry experts stress the need for such a database during inspections, yet offer no actionable path forward. Meanwhile, frontline workers hold piles of failure records without

In a 24V DC power system, if neither terminal is connected to ground (i.e., the system is floating), the voltage between each terminal and ground is undefined and may fluctuate. However, once the power supply is connected to an instrument, the reference potential stabilizes, and this typically has no negative effect on instrument operation. When

Instrument calibration and measurement procedures are essential for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of equipment used in laboratories, calibration facilities, and even within industrial enterprises. Adhering to proper calibration guidelines is crucial for maintaining quality standards and ensuring traceability of measurements. This article provides a detailed overview of the purpose, responsibilities, and processes involved in