Instrumentation

In modern industrial automation, sensors and controllers are like the “nervous system” and “brain” of the entire control process. Sensors act as the system’s eyes, ears, and skin—detecting external conditions—while controllers make decisions and issue commands based on the sensor feedback. They work in seamless coordination to ensure systems operate intelligently, accurately, and efficiently. 1. […]

1. Improper Terminal Wiring Inside Control Cabinets One common issue is excessive exposure of wire cores at terminal blocks. When conductors are stripped too long before termination: The exposed wires can easily contact adjacent terminals or conductive surfaces, leading to signal short circuits. Vibration or thermal expansion may loosen the connections, resulting in intermittent signal

In engineering fields such as chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, and power generation, two key technical diagrams are widely used: the Process Flow Diagram (PFD) and the Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID). Although closely related, they serve distinct purposes at different stages of a project. 1. What Is a PFD? Definition:A Process Flow Diagram (PFD) provides a

In the past, threaded or flanged connections were the standard choice for liquid level instrumentation in most industrial applications. However, when we started working on instrumentation for food industry projects, we noticed that many customers had switched to a different type of interface—the TC connection. Initially, the change was puzzling. But after observing the cleaning

Explosion-proof electrical equipment refers to devices designed to operate in hazardous environments without igniting explosive atmospheres. Among explosion protection markings, the designations IIA, IIB, and IIC are commonly encountered. This article explains their meanings and differences to aid in correct equipment selection. 1. Classification of Explosive Atmospheres Explosive environments are classified based on the nature

Compensation cables are specially designed wires used in temperature measurement systems to compensate for ambient temperature variations at the cold junction (reference junction) of thermocouples. They play a vital role in maintaining the accuracy of temperature signals over long distances. 1. Core Functions 🔹 Cold Junction Compensation When the cold junction of a thermocouple is

In some industrial environments, cable-related faults account for up to 50% of all system failures. Issues such as overloads, short circuits, and signal integrity loss frequently originate from poor-quality or improperly maintained cabling. For end users pursuing high-reliability automation, ensuring cable system integrity is mission-critical. 1. When and How to Evaluate Cable Quality A robust

Thermal power plants convert chemical energy into electrical energy through complex thermodynamic processes involving numerous mechanical and chemical reactions. To ensure the efficient, safe, and stable operation of power generation, thermal power plants must be equipped with a comprehensive range of process instruments. These instruments monitor, control, and adjust system parameters to ensure the normal

Introduction In recent years, the inspection cycle of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS) has become a focal point of discussion in China’s chemical industry. Unlike general industrial equipment maintenance, the periodic inspection of SIS and DCS is directly linked to a plant’s automatic protection and regulation capabilities—especially critical in high-risk environments

A potentiometer, often abbreviated as “pot”, is a type of variable resistor widely used in electronic and electrical circuits to adjust voltage or signal levels. It consists of a resistive element and a sliding or rotating contact (wiper) that taps the resistance to provide a variable output voltage. 1. Working Principle of a Potentiometer A