Instrumentation

1. Introduction Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) are crucial components of chemical process design. They serve to clearly illustrate all equipment, instruments, pipelines, valves, and related utilities in the process system. This document outlines the typical design considerations for pressure, temperature, pumps, and vessel-related P&ID diagrams. 2. Design Pressure 2.1 Terminology Gauge Pressure (G) / […]

“Just when I got the hang of 4–20 mA signals and HART protocol, here comes APL?”Yes, the pace of innovation in industrial automation is fast—sometimes faster than your smartphone updates. So what exactly is APL? What makes APL-based instruments different from traditional ones? And why are more and more factories embracing this new technology? What

1. Introduction With the rapid advancement of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, edge computing, digital twins, and artificial intelligence (AI), the petrochemical industry is undergoing a transformation from traditional automation to intelligent information systems. In response, China’s Ministry of Emergency Management issued the “Industrial Internet + Hazardous Chemical Safety

1. Classification and Properties of Common Chemical Media A. Acids Media Chemical Formula Characteristics Safety Precautions Sulfuric Acid H₂SO₄ Strongly corrosive, high density (1.84 g/cm³), highly exothermic when diluted Use acid-resistant materials (e.g., PP, PTFE, lead); always add acid to water Hydrochloric Acid HCl Strong volatility, pungent smell, reacts with metals to release hydrogen gas

Industrial instrumentation serves as the “eyes” and “nerves” of automation systems in chemical plants. From real-time monitoring and signal transmission to precision control, instruments are the backbone of safe, efficient, and intelligent manufacturing. This article explores five critical dimensions in which instrumentation plays a pivotal role—safety defense, process control, maintenance innovation, cost optimization, and decision

The classification of metrology institutions refers to the hierarchical management of organizations engaged in measurement and calibration services. This system is designed to facilitate effective regulation, guidance, and assessment of these institutions. The classification standards involve a range of factors, including industry regulations, legal frameworks, administrative practices, and technical competency. Key Evaluation Factors for Classification

The refining sector forms the first and one of the most critical segments of the petrochemical processing chain. By the end of 2016, China had reached a refining capacity of 750 million tons per annum, accounting for 15% of global capacity and ranking second in the world. Instrumentation and automation systems in refineries are designed

1. Introduction In process industries such as chemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, and food processing, accurate documentation of system design is crucial. Among the most essential engineering drawings are the Process Flow Diagram (PFD) and the Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID). These diagrams help engineers and operators understand the process flow, equipment layout, and control logic of

1. Common Grounding Methods for Shield Layers In industrial applications, shielded cables are typically grounded in one of two ways: (1) Single-Point Grounding (Recommended for Control Systems) The metallic shield is grounded only at one end, while the other end is left unconnected or grounded via protective earth. ✅ Purpose: To eliminate electromagnetic interference (EMI)

1. What is a Fire Power Monitoring System? A fire power monitoring system is designed to perform real-time monitoring of the power supply status for firefighting equipment. By continuously tracking critical parameters such as voltage, current, and switch status, the system ensures that all fire protection devices are operating under normal conditions. Modern fire power