Instrumentation

From Steam to Intelligence: The Evolution of Industrial Revolutions The first industrial revolution ushered in the age of steam, freeing humans from reliance on natural forces such as wind, water, and animal power, and enabling mass production. The second industrial revolution brought about the electric age, where steel giants roared day and night, transforming every […]

Stud bolts—also referred to as stud screws or threaded rods—are essential fasteners used for securing components in a wide range of industrial applications. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of stud bolts, covering their structure, selection criteria, common uses, surface treatments, anti-loosening strategies, and maintenance procedures. 1. What Is a Stud Bolt? A stud bolt

In the intricate network of chemical plant automation, discrete, analog, and digital signals form the foundational language between field devices and control systems like PLCs and DCS. Though often confused, these three signal types have distinct roles and characteristics. This article provides a detailed explanation, including definitions, differences, and real-world applications in industrial instrumentation. 1.

In Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS), the use of Normally Open (NO) and Normally Closed (NC) contacts and solenoid valves plays a vital role in ensuring operational safety and system reliability. This article provides an in-depth exploration of their operating principles, typical applications, failure modes, and how they align with safety principles and international standards. 1.

1. What is ORP? ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential) is a key parameter that measures the tendency of a solution to either gain or lose electrons. It reflects the solution’s overall oxidizing or reducing power. Positive ORP values indicate an oxidizing environment. Negative ORP values indicate a reducing environment. The unit of ORP is millivolts (mV), and

In the realm of industrial automation and process control, the reliability, accuracy, and stability of instruments are paramount. One critical concept that significantly impacts these aspects is “working conditions.” This term refers to the environmental and operational parameters under which an instrument functions. This article explores the definition, classification, and impact of working conditions on

In industrial measurement and quality control, instrument calibration is critical to ensuring measurement accuracy and equipment reliability. However, different calibration stages are applied depending on the instrument’s lifecycle and usage conditions. These stages include initial calibration, subsequent calibration, and in-use calibration. This article explains the key differences between them and their respective roles in a

In industrial manufacturing, one term that frequently comes up is “thermal shock.” While it may sound technical, the concept is quite straightforward: thermal shock refers to the repeated exposure of materials or components to rapid temperature changes—hot and cold cycles—to assess their thermal fatigue resistance and long-term durability. 🔍 A Common Yet Destructive Phenomenon Thermal

In the petroleum and petrochemical industry, storage tanks are critical infrastructure for holding crude oil, refined products, and various liquid chemicals. Accurate tank measurement is vital to ensure fair trade, optimize inventory management, comply with regulations, and maintain safe operations. This article outlines the significance of tank calibration and inspection, the primary measurement methods, and

In chemical process industries, instrumentation failures can lead to production downtime, safety incidents, and increased maintenance costs. This article outlines best practices for preventing such failures through proper selection, installation, maintenance, calibration, environmental protection, and digital monitoring. 1. Instrument Selection and Installation Guidelines 1.1 Match the Process Conditions Select materials compatible with media characteristics such