Instrumentation

Introduction Hydrogen (H₂) and nitrogen (N₂) are two of the most important industrial gases, widely used in industries ranging from chemical synthesis and metallurgy to energy and electronics. Monitoring their purity and mixture ratios is crucial for process efficiency, safety, and product quality. In practice, users often face a choice: should they use a single […]

1. Introduction In process control, the Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller is one of the most widely used strategies.However, when the setpoint (SP) undergoes a sudden step change, the standard PID often causes controller output overshoot, valve oscillations, and mechanical stress.To address this issue, an improved structure known as Proportional–Derivative First (PD–PI) Control has been developed. This

1. Introduction In modern manufacturing enterprises, the integration of Distributed Control Systems (DCS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems is a cornerstone for digitalization and smart manufacturing. While DCS focuses on real-time process monitoring and control at the plant floor, ERP emphasizes resource planning, scheduling, and cost management at the enterprise level.Bridging these two systems

1. Introduction Flame detectors are critical components of boiler furnace safety supervision systems (FSSS). Their primary function is to monitor combustion status in real time and provide signals once flame instability or extinction occurs, ensuring the timely shutdown of fuel supply. Among flame detectors, infrared (IR) flame detectors and ultraviolet (UV) flame detectors are the

Selecting the right instrumentation is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety, stability, and efficiency of chemical processes. The selection process must take into account a variety of factors, such as process conditions, medium characteristics, environmental requirements, and measurement precision. This guide outlines the key steps and considerations to help streamline the selection process. 1.

In large-scale chemical control systems, a typical structure involves a hierarchical separation of control and optimization layers based on time scales. The system is divided as follows: Basic Control (seconds) Advanced Control (minutes) Real-time Optimization (hours) Scheduling (days/weeks) Planning (months/years) This separation simplifies complex problems by addressing different time scales in distinct layers. Can Advanced

Abstract In hazardous-area automation projects, the choice of explosion-proof type is a fundamental engineering decision. While two-wire transmitters are commonly designed as intrinsically safe (Ex i), engineers often ask whether four-wire instruments can also achieve intrinsic safety. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis from the perspectives of power consumption, energy limitations, international standards, and engineering

Abstract Pneumatic conveying is a widely used method for transporting powders and granular materials in modern industries. By using compressed air as the driving force, it enables efficient, dust-free, and flexible material handling over long distances. This article introduces the basic principles, pressure requirements, pressure loss mechanisms, causes of fluctuations, vessel pressure behavior, and industrial

Root Causes and Practical Protection Measures 1. Introduction In chemical and process industries, the reliable operation of field instruments is critical to production safety and efficiency. During the rainy and thunderstorm season, instruments are particularly vulnerable to failures caused by moisture ingress, water accumulation, and lightning strikes.This document provides a structured guide to rainproofing and

1. Introduction Plant start-up and shutdown are routine operations in chemical plants. While short-term shutdowns have limited impact on instrumentation, extended shutdowns—such as those required for major overhauls or unexpected events—demand careful attention from instrumentation engineers and technicians. Improper handling can lead to equipment damage, delayed commissioning, or even safety incidents.This document provides technical guidance