In programmable logic controller (PLC) applications, discrete logic control refers to the processing of binary signals—on/off, true/false—based on specific logical...

In automatic control systems, achieving bumpless transfer is crucial. Bumpless transfer refers to the ability to switch between manual and...

1. Introduction In industrial process control, disturbances such as sudden changes in input or load conditions can significantly affect system...

Overview Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) are the final line of defense in chemical and process industries. They protect personnel, equipment,...

In industrial environments, especially those involving dusty, viscous, or condensable media, accurate and reliable measurement of pressure and temperature requires...

Pressure gauges are critical instruments for monitoring pressure in various industrial systems. To ensure measurement accuracy, personnel safety, and equipment...

In industries such as chemical processing, water treatment, energy, and food manufacturing, liquid flow measurement is a critical part of...

In industrial and daily temperature monitoring, axial and radial thermometers are two common types distinguished by the orientation of their...

In modern industrial environments, accurately measuring the liquid level in oil sludge tanks is critical for operational safety, efficiency, and...

1. Overview of Explosion-Proof Instrumentation Explosion-proof instrumentation is a critical component in hazardous environments such as petrochemical plants, refineries, and...