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Emergency Stop Button in Chemical Plants: Normally Closed or Normally Open?

PLC /

Emergency Stop Switches: Core Safety Logic and PLC Integration Guidelines In industrial automation environments, the emergency stop (E-stop) button is a critical last line of defense for personnel and equipment. Standard E-stop designs predominantly adopt normally closed (NC) contacts. Under normal conditions, these contacts remain closed, allowing current to pass through the circuit. When pressed, […]

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Understanding IP Ratings for Sensors: What IP67 Really Means

Sensors /

Introduction When selecting sensors for industrial or outdoor applications, you’ve likely seen ratings like IP65, IP67, or IP68 on datasheets. But what do these numbers actually mean? IP ratings—short for Ingress Protection—tell you how well a sensor is protected against dust and water. Selecting the right IP rating ensures your equipment survives in its working

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What Is the Bandwidth of a Radar Antenna?

Level meter /

Antennas are essential components in wireless communication, radar, and navigation systems. Their primary function is to convert electromagnetic waves into guided waves (such as signals in cables or waveguides) and vice versa. The performance of an antenna directly affects signal transmission quality, range, and reliability. Among the many parameters that characterize an antenna, bandwidth is

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Applications of Pressure Sensors in the Pulp and Paper Industry

Pressure Transmitter /

Paper, one of the Four Great Inventions of ancient China, remains a cornerstone of modern civilization. Today, the pulp and paper industry is not only essential to national economic development but also critical to environmental and societal progress. Among the many technologies supporting this industry, pressure sensors play a vital role across various stages—from raw

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Technical Guide: Basic Principles for Valve Selection in Chemical Engineering Applications

Valve /

1. Introduction Valve selection is a critical aspect of piping system design in chemical processes. The right valve type ensures process efficiency, safety, and longevity of the equipment. This guide outlines the general principles of valve selection and provides practical recommendations for commonly used valve types. 2. General Selection Principles 2.1 Define the Valve Function

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Why Does a 3-Wire RTD Use Three Wires?

Instrumentation /

Understanding the Principles Behind 3-Wire and 4-Wire Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) 1. Overview RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors) measure temperature based on the principle that a metal’s resistance changes with temperature. However, when connecting an RTD to an instrument located at a distance, the resistance of the lead wires can introduce significant measurement errors. To reduce

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Differences Between Liquid Level Measurement in Sealed and Unsealed Environments

Level meter /

Liquid level measurement is a critical process in various industrial and environmental applications, such as water treatment, chemical processing, and oil refining. The approach to measuring liquid levels varies significantly depending on whether the environment is sealed (closed) or unsealed (open). Each of these environments poses different challenges and requires distinct measurement techniques. In this

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How to Troubleshoot Unstable Load Cell Readings

Sensors /

Introduction Unstable or fluctuating load cell readings can be frustrating—especially when your process depends on consistent, accurate force or weight measurements. Whether you’re dealing with analog or digital output, sudden signal jumps, or noisy values, this article walks you through a structured troubleshooting checklist to identify and fix the root cause quickly and confidently. 1.

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Superheated Steam Temperature: 1°C Too High Is Dangerous, 1°C Too Low Wastes Money

Temperature transmitter /

Introduction In thermal power generation, maintaining appropriate steam parameters is critical not only for system safety but also for operational efficiency. Among these parameters, superheated steam temperature stands out as a key indicator that must strike a balance between economic performance and system integrity. While drum pressure is important for safety, superheated steam temperature directly

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