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In industries such as petrochemicals, coal mining, dust processing, fine chemicals, and logistics, explosive environments are always a potential risk. To achieve safe production, it is essential to identify risks at the source. The classification of hazardous explosive areas is a crucial precondition for all explosion-proof design, equipment selection, ventilation system layout, and operational management.

Introduction Particle size distribution (PSD) is a critical parameter in describing the characteristics of particulate materials. It represents the proportions of particles of various sizes within a sample. In industries such as pharmaceuticals, powder processing, and multiphase systems, PSD directly influences material properties, process efficiency, and product quality. Therefore, precise understanding and control of PSD—particularly

In this article, we will discuss the fundamental principles of passive input modules in Digital Input (DI) systems, specifically for Distributed Control Systems (DCS). The content will cover detailed explanations of the hardware, working process, connection methods, advantages, and common issues encountered in practical applications. 1. Core Definitions and Fundamental Differences A Passive Input (often

1. Pre-installation Preparations 1.1 Site Conditions The installation area must be dry, well-ventilated, and free from excessive dust, corrosive gases, or electromagnetic interference (e.g., from variable frequency drives or large motors). Temperature should range from 0°C to 40°C, and humidity should be between 5% and 95%, with no condensation. Ensure that the floor can support