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Pneumatic Conveying: Principles, Pressure Control, and Industrial Applications

Instrumentation /

Abstract Pneumatic conveying is a widely used method for transporting powders and granular materials in modern industries. By using compressed air as the driving force, it enables efficient, dust-free, and flexible material handling over long distances. This article introduces the basic principles, pressure requirements, pressure loss mechanisms, causes of fluctuations, vessel pressure behavior, and industrial […]

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How to Avoid Common Level Gauge Problems: Start with Proper Installation

Level meter /

Abstract Level measurement is a critical element of industrial process control, directly affecting production safety, reliability, and efficiency. Commonly used instruments include radar level transmitters, ultrasonic level meters, tuning fork level switches, magnetic level indicators, and float-type gauges. Each technology has unique installation requirements; neglecting them can cause inaccurate readings, false signals, or equipment failure.

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How to Select the Differential Pressure Transmitter Range Based on Process Conditions

Pressure Transmitter /

When choosing the range for a differential pressure (DP) transmitter, it’s essential to consider both process conditions and the transmitter’s technical specifications. Below is a detailed guide outlining the key steps and considerations for selecting an appropriate DP transmitter range. 1. Determine the Measurement Range Identify the Maximum Range of Pressure Variation: Start by evaluating

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Rainy and Thunderstorm Season: Why Do Instruments Frequently “Fail”?

Instrumentation /

Root Causes and Practical Protection Measures 1. Introduction In chemical and process industries, the reliable operation of field instruments is critical to production safety and efficiency. During the rainy and thunderstorm season, instruments are particularly vulnerable to failures caused by moisture ingress, water accumulation, and lightning strikes.This document provides a structured guide to rainproofing and

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Self-Locking, Interlocking, and Mutual Locking in Electrical Circuits

PLC /

1. Introduction In industrial electrical control systems, the concepts of self-locking, interlocking, and mutual locking are fundamental. Although similar in terminology, each has distinct logic, application, and purpose. This document provides a structured comparison of these three control methods, with definitions, working principles, typical applications, and schematic diagrams. 2. Self-Locking (Hold-On Circuit) 2.1 Definition Self-locking

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Key Considerations for Instrumentation Personnel During Plant Start-up and Shutdown

Instrumentation /

1. Introduction Plant start-up and shutdown are routine operations in chemical plants. While short-term shutdowns have limited impact on instrumentation, extended shutdowns—such as those required for major overhauls or unexpected events—demand careful attention from instrumentation engineers and technicians. Improper handling can lead to equipment damage, delayed commissioning, or even safety incidents.This document provides technical guidance

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Understanding the NAMUR NE43 Standard for 4-20mA Signals in Process Control

PLC /

In industrial process automation, the 4-20mA signal is one of the most widely used standards for transmitting analog data from sensors and transmitters to control systems. This signal range, where 4mA typically represents the zero or minimum of a process variable and 20mA represents the maximum, allows control systems to monitor and manage a wide

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Common Faults of Pressure Transmitters: Eight Categories and 24 Solutions

Pressure Transmitter /

1. Introduction Brief role of pressure transmitters in industrial automation. Importance of fault diagnosis and preventive maintenance. 2. No Output from the Transmitter Inspection & Testing (check power polarity, 24VDC supply, display head, loop continuity). Solutions (correct wiring, ensure ≥12V supply, replace faulty display, check loop impedance ≤250Ω). 3. Transmitter Output ≥20 mA Inspection &

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What Is an Instrument Ledger and Why It Matters

Instrumentation /

01. Why Establish an Instrument Ledger? 1.1 Clarify Asset Inventory A well-maintained instrument ledger helps answer three foundational questions: How many instruments are installed in the plant? What are their models and technical parameters? Where are they installed, specifically? Many facilities struggle to provide immediate answers to these questions. A precise ledger serves as a

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Seven Root Causes Behind 99% of Industrial Failures

Instrumentation /

Abstract In modern process industries, most equipment and system failures can be traced back to a limited set of underlying causes. This article summarizes the seven most common factors that affect industrial automation and control systems, explains their impact, and provides recommended countermeasures for engineers and maintenance teams. 1. Measurement Signal Problems Accurate measurement is

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