admin_zero

Abstract In hazardous-area automation projects, the choice of explosion-proof type is a fundamental engineering decision. While two-wire transmitters are commonly designed as intrinsically safe (Ex i), engineers often ask whether four-wire instruments can also achieve intrinsic safety. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis from the perspectives of power consumption, energy limitations, international standards, and engineering […]

Abstract Pneumatic conveying is a widely used method for transporting powders and granular materials in modern industries. By using compressed air as the driving force, it enables efficient, dust-free, and flexible material handling over long distances. This article introduces the basic principles, pressure requirements, pressure loss mechanisms, causes of fluctuations, vessel pressure behavior, and industrial

Root Causes and Practical Protection Measures 1. Introduction In chemical and process industries, the reliable operation of field instruments is critical to production safety and efficiency. During the rainy and thunderstorm season, instruments are particularly vulnerable to failures caused by moisture ingress, water accumulation, and lightning strikes.This document provides a structured guide to rainproofing and

1. Introduction Plant start-up and shutdown are routine operations in chemical plants. While short-term shutdowns have limited impact on instrumentation, extended shutdowns—such as those required for major overhauls or unexpected events—demand careful attention from instrumentation engineers and technicians. Improper handling can lead to equipment damage, delayed commissioning, or even safety incidents.This document provides technical guidance