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In a chemical plant, instruments are essential for monitoring operational status. Their parameters are crucial for safe production and producing compliant products. Therefore, chemical instrument inspections are not merely routine tasks but essential checks for identifying hazards, reducing risks, and ensuring product quality. Without adequate inspections, complex chemical processes and high-speed equipment operations can result […]

Introduction Hydrogen (H₂) and nitrogen (N₂) are two of the most important industrial gases, widely used in industries ranging from chemical synthesis and metallurgy to energy and electronics. Monitoring their purity and mixture ratios is crucial for process efficiency, safety, and product quality. In practice, users often face a choice: should they use a single

1. Introduction In process control, the Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller is one of the most widely used strategies.However, when the setpoint (SP) undergoes a sudden step change, the standard PID often causes controller output overshoot, valve oscillations, and mechanical stress.To address this issue, an improved structure known as Proportional–Derivative First (PD–PI) Control has been developed. This

1. Introduction In modern manufacturing enterprises, the integration of Distributed Control Systems (DCS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems is a cornerstone for digitalization and smart manufacturing. While DCS focuses on real-time process monitoring and control at the plant floor, ERP emphasizes resource planning, scheduling, and cost management at the enterprise level.Bridging these two systems

1. Introduction Flame detectors are critical components of boiler furnace safety supervision systems (FSSS). Their primary function is to monitor combustion status in real time and provide signals once flame instability or extinction occurs, ensuring the timely shutdown of fuel supply. Among flame detectors, infrared (IR) flame detectors and ultraviolet (UV) flame detectors are the