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Introduction to Armored Resistance ThermometersArmored resistance thermometers are a combination of a metal protective tube, insulation material, and a resistance element. Typically, the resistance element is made of platinum wire (though nickel wire is also used), and the insulation material is magnesium oxide powder. The protective tube is commonly made of stainless steel. These thermometers

In industrial applications, the accuracy of temperature measurements directly impacts product quality, production safety, and process stability. However, many people have encountered issues such as inaccurate temperature readings despite choosing the right instruments, frequent rework due to improper installation, or even safety risks caused by selecting the wrong components in hazardous environments. In this guide,

In many automation systems, solving multivariable control problems using a single-variable PID controller involves transforming the multivariable problem into multiple single-variable feedback control loops. This approach can be broken down into two steps: 1. Pairing The design of the control system first aims to balance the number of controlled variables with the number of manipulated

At the project initiation stage of many automation systems, the discussions often center around several key issues: Should we use PLC or DCS? Which industrial network should we choose? Should we jump straight into “smart manufacturing”? These questions are undoubtedly important, but they do not determine whether a system will remain useful five or ten

In the field of instrumentation, theoretical knowledge is like the wrench in your hand—often overlooked but essential when it’s needed. Whether you’re preparing for certification exams or looking to strengthen your practical skills, understanding circuit diagrams, sensor principles, and troubleshooting logic is crucial. This series will continue to update, offering both theoretical foundations and practical

In engineering design and material selection, material properties directly affect product safety, lifespan, and cost control. However, in practice, some misunderstandings still persist, such as: “A material with high strength is less likely to deform.” “If a structure is soft, it’s due to insufficient strength.” “A material is too brittle if it fractures.” While these

Overview Radar level transmitters are instruments that use microwaves to measure liquid levels based on the time or frequency of microwave propagation through air. They offer non-contact, high-precision measurement that is unaffected by temperature and pressure, making them widely applicable across various industrial sectors. 1. Concept and Role of Dielectric Constant The dielectric constant, also

The instrument calibration process must strictly follow the “Metrology Calibration Regulations” (e.g., JJG882-2019) and the technical requirements of the equipment. Based on industrial field operations, the process can be broken down into six key stages. Each stage includes clear operational points and data recording requirements. The detailed process is as follows: 1. Preparation Phase (Pre-calibration