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In the intricate network of chemical plant automation, discrete, analog, and digital signals form the foundational language between field devices and control systems like PLCs and DCS. Though often confused, these three signal types have distinct roles and characteristics. This article provides a detailed explanation, including definitions, differences, and real-world applications in industrial instrumentation. 1. […]

In Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS), the use of Normally Open (NO) and Normally Closed (NC) contacts and solenoid valves plays a vital role in ensuring operational safety and system reliability. This article provides an in-depth exploration of their operating principles, typical applications, failure modes, and how they align with safety principles and international standards. 1.

1. What is ORP? ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential) is a key parameter that measures the tendency of a solution to either gain or lose electrons. It reflects the solution’s overall oxidizing or reducing power. Positive ORP values indicate an oxidizing environment. Negative ORP values indicate a reducing environment. The unit of ORP is millivolts (mV), and

In the realm of industrial automation and process control, the reliability, accuracy, and stability of instruments are paramount. One critical concept that significantly impacts these aspects is “working conditions.” This term refers to the environmental and operational parameters under which an instrument functions. This article explores the definition, classification, and impact of working conditions on

In industrial measurement and quality control, instrument calibration is critical to ensuring measurement accuracy and equipment reliability. However, different calibration stages are applied depending on the instrument’s lifecycle and usage conditions. These stages include initial calibration, subsequent calibration, and in-use calibration. This article explains the key differences between them and their respective roles in a