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A Comparative Study of New Algorithms and PID Controllers: Methodological Exploration

PLC /

In the field of control theory, it is common to propose new algorithms and compare their performance with that of classical PID controllers. However, during the writing and review process of many research papers, it has been observed that the experimental design of PID comparison often has noticeable flaws, making it difficult to fully validate […]

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Analysis of Causes for Magnetic Float Sinking in Magnetic Level Gauges

Level meter /

Magnetic level gauges, also known as magnetic float level indicators, provide a reliable method of real-time liquid level measurement based on the principles of communicating vessels and magnetic coupling. When the liquid level in the measured container changes, the magnetic float inside the float chamber moves correspondingly. The magnet embedded in the float drives external

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The Differences Between Hard Circuits and Soft Circuits in Protection Logic

PLC /

In modern industrial systems, the concepts of “hard circuits” and “soft circuits” (or “hard wiring” and “soft wiring”) are commonly used to describe different methods of implementing logic control and protection functionalities. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for system design, operation, and maintenance. Below is a detailed explanation of their definitions, characteristics, and applications. 1.

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How to Control Crude Benzene in Chemical Process Engineering?

Instrumentation /

In the petrochemical industry, crude benzene may not be the most expensive raw material, but it is certainly one of the most unpredictable variables in process control. It appears throughout key stages such as aromatization, hydrotreating, and storage & transport. Once out of control, crude benzene can impact not only production efficiency but also plant

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PLC Mini-Class: Time Relay – The “Alarm Clock” of Electrical Control

PLC /

In the realm of industrial automation, precise timing often determines the efficiency, safety, and reliability of operations. Enter the time relay, an essential component in programmable logic controller (PLC) systems, often affectionately referred to as the “alarm clock” of electrical control. But what exactly is a time relay, and why is it indispensable in electrical

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Accurate Measurement of Lithium Sulfate and Ferric Sulfate: Methods, Challenges, and Instrumentation in Industrial Applications

Instrumentation /

1. Introduction With the rapid development of the lithium battery industry, lithium sulfate (Li₂SO₄) and ferric sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃) have emerged as essential chemical compounds in the supply chain. They serve not only as precursors for battery materials but also play critical roles in metallurgy, wastewater treatment, and catalysis. Precise measurement of their purity and composition

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Advanced Process Control (APC): Implementation, Considerations, and Industry Benefits

Instrumentation /

1. Introduction Advanced Process Control (APC) is a technology designed to enhance the performance, stability, and efficiency of industrial processes. By utilizing modern control theories, computational methods, and sensor technologies, APC provides optimized process control, particularly in industries where traditional methods struggle with complex dynamics, multi-variable interactions, and strong coupling effects. APC has been a

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How to Select Liquid Level Instruments for Crystallizing Media

Level meter /

Measuring liquid levels in media prone to crystallization presents unique challenges. Crystallization can disrupt measurement accuracy, reliability, and the overall performance of level instruments. To ensure precise monitoring, it’s essential to select an instrument well-suited for handling crystallizing media. This article explores common liquid level measurement instruments and provides guidance on selecting the most suitable

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Precision Level Control with Magnetic Flap Level Gauge Alarm Switches: Key Features and Applications

Level meter /

Introduction Magnetic flap level gauge alarm switches are essential for precise level control in industrial settings. The key feature of these devices is their maintain limit function, which ensures accurate and reliable level measurement. This article discusses the operational principle, technical implementations, wiring methods, and critical performance parameters of these alarm switches. 1. Maintain Limit

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Grounding Requirements in Hazardous Areas: Ensuring Electrical Safety in Explosive Environments

Instrumentation /

Hazardous industrial environments — such as chemical plants, oil refineries, pharmaceutical production lines, and grain processing facilities — are often at risk of explosions due to the presence of flammable gases, vapors, or dust. In such areas, proper electrical grounding (earthing) is not just a safety feature — it is a regulatory requirement that forms

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