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Selecting the right instrumentation is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety, stability, and efficiency of chemical processes. The selection process must take into account a variety of factors, such as process conditions, medium characteristics, environmental requirements, and measurement precision. This guide outlines the key steps and considerations to help streamline the selection process. 1.

In large-scale chemical control systems, a typical structure involves a hierarchical separation of control and optimization layers based on time scales. The system is divided as follows: Basic Control (seconds) Advanced Control (minutes) Real-time Optimization (hours) Scheduling (days/weeks) Planning (months/years) This separation simplifies complex problems by addressing different time scales in distinct layers. Can Advanced

Abstract In hazardous-area automation projects, the choice of explosion-proof type is a fundamental engineering decision. While two-wire transmitters are commonly designed as intrinsically safe (Ex i), engineers often ask whether four-wire instruments can also achieve intrinsic safety. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis from the perspectives of power consumption, energy limitations, international standards, and engineering

Abstract Pneumatic conveying is a widely used method for transporting powders and granular materials in modern industries. By using compressed air as the driving force, it enables efficient, dust-free, and flexible material handling over long distances. This article introduces the basic principles, pressure requirements, pressure loss mechanisms, causes of fluctuations, vessel pressure behavior, and industrial