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What’s the Difference Between 304 and 321 Stainless Steel?

Instrumentation /

Stainless steels are indispensable in various industrial applications due to their corrosion resistance, durability, and strength. Among them, 304 and 321 stainless steel are both part of the austenitic family and often used in similar environments—but they are not interchangeable. This article compares the chemical composition, temperature resistance, mechanical properties, and applications of 304 vs. […]

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From Frequent Failures to Long-Term Stability: A Minor Pressure-Tapping Redesign That Solved a Major Issue

Instrumentation /

1. Background: Persistent Diaphragm Failures in DCS Level Transmitters In a 450,000 tons/year polypropylene (PP) production plant using LyondellBasell’s gas-phase process, frequent failures occurred in level transmitters installed on Reactor #3 during the production of impact-resistant polypropylene. These failures were specific to the DCS-linked level transmitters, which required diaphragm replacement nearly every month, while a

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Key Points for Reviewing a Chemical Process Design Package

PLC /

Reviewing a chemical process design package is a crucial step in ensuring that the planned process meets engineering, safety, and operational standards. This detailed examination helps to prevent costly errors, maximize efficiency, and safeguard personnel and the environment. Here are the primary aspects that should be considered during the review of a chemical process design

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Understanding PLC Classifications, Functions, Software, and Smart I/O Modules

PLC /

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are at the heart of industrial automation, controlling processes from simple on/off operations to complex, multi-axis systems. Understanding how PLCs are classified, their functional tiers, software architecture, memory types, and advanced I/O capabilities is essential for selecting the right solution for your application. 1. PLC Classification by I/O Capacity PLCs can

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How SCADA Collects Data from RTUs: A Field-Proven Guide

PLC /

SCADA talks to RTUs over a wired/wireless link using an agreed protocol (e.g., Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-104). Tags in SCADA map to RTU registers/points. Data is acquired cyclically (polling) and/or event-driven, then archived, visualized, alarmed, and used for control. 1) Typical Topology Layers: Field sensors & actuators — transmit process values (AI), states (DI), and

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Design Considerations for Two-out-of-Three (2oo3) Signal Desynchronization Alarm Logic

Instrumentation /

1. Introduction In modern industrial automation and process control, redundant sensors are widely deployed to enhance system reliability and safety.For critical measurement parameters—such as temperature, pressure, and liquid level—two-out-of-three voting logic (2oo3) is commonly used. This architecture employs three independent sensors measuring the same variable and determines the valid reading when at least two sensors

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Industrial Furnace Temperature Sensors for Real-Time Monitoring at 1200 °C

Thermocouples /

In industrial production, temperature sensors for monitoring furnace temperatures up to 1200 °C are critical for maintaining process stability and ensuring product quality. This article provides a detailed overview from four aspects: sensor types, working principles, key features, and application considerations. 1. Applicable Sensor Types For high-temperature measurement up to 1200 °C, the following types

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Ten Critical Factors for Accurate Pressure Gauge Calibration

Pressure Transmitter /

Reliable gauge calibration isn’t just about applying a reference pressure and writing down numbers. Accuracy class, pressure media, contamination control, elevation head, leak checks, mounting position, how you generate pressure, pre-cycling, gas thermodynamics, and even wrench torque all matter. Get these right and your results will actually reflect reality. 1) Know the Accuracy Class (and

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Level Measurement in High-Temperature Sealed Vessels: A Practical Selection Guide

Level meter /

When vessels run hot and sealed—think reactors, molten salt tanks, or high-temperature oil reservoirs—level measurement must withstand heat, pressure, vapor, and zero-leak requirements. This guide distills practical choices and installation notes to help you select reliably and safely. 1) Non-Contact Radar Level Transmitters (Priority Option) Why it works Non-contact measurement: The antenna does not touch

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Application and Advantages of Radar Level Transmitters in Adipic Acid Mixing Tanks

Level meter /

In environments involving complex chemical reactions and the mixing of various media, such as adipic acid mixing tanks, accurate level monitoring is crucial. In recent years, radar level transmitters have been widely applied to the measurement of levels in adipic acid mixing tanks due to their unique advantages. Adipic acid, as an important chemical raw

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