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Thermocouple: Principle, Selection Guide, Failure Mechanism and Industrial Applications

Thermocouples /

Thermocouples are among the most widely used temperature sensors in industrial measurement systems. From power plant boilers to gasification furnaces and petrochemical reactors, thermocouples provide reliable temperature monitoring in environments ranging from –200°C to above 1800°C. Understanding how thermocouples work, how to select the correct type, and how material degradation affects long-term accuracy is essential […]

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How Much Deviation Means a Pressure Transmitter Cannot Be Corrected by Zero and Span Adjustment?

Pressure Transmitter /

In field maintenance, engineers often encounter this situation: The zero point cannot be adjusted back to 4 mA The full-scale output cannot reach 20 mA Mid-range readings show serious deviation Many technicians keep trying to adjust zero and span repeatedly. However, once the deviation exceeds the transmitter’s internal adjustment range, calibration will no longer solve

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O-Ring Material Temperature Guide (International Industrial Reference)

Instrumentation /

Recommended Continuous Operating Temperature Range Note: The values below are general recommended continuous temperature ranges.Actual performance depends on compound formulation, media compatibility, pressure, and service conditions. Material Abbreviation Continuous Temperature Range Typical Applications Nitrile Rubber NBR –40°C to +100°C Hydraulic oil, fuel systems, general industrial oils Hydrogenated Nitrile HNBR –40°C to +150°C Automotive systems, high-temperature

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Pressure Gauge vs Differential Pressure Transmitter: How to Choose the Right Instrument for Your Application

Pressure Transmitter /

In industrial sites, pressure-related issues occur almost every day: Unstable pressure readings Fluctuating or drifting signals Frequent instrument damage Complaints about poor accuracy shortly after commissioning After investigation, the conclusion is often the same: The instrument itself is not defective — the problem started with incorrect selection. This issue is especially common when choosing between

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4–20 mA Signal Lost? Don’t Rush to Replace the Transmitter

Transmitter /

Top 10 Causes and a Proven Field Troubleshooting Workflow If you are an instrument technician, electrician, or automation engineer, you have probably experienced this moment: The PLC screen suddenly turns red.The AI channel alarms “Signal Loss”.The trend line drops straight to zero. The operator looks at you and says: “Hey, the signal is gone again.”

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What Are Tolerances in Industrial Design?

Instrumentation /

In mechanical design and manufacturing, you often encounter tolerances marked on technical drawings, such as Φ20±0.02, 20+0.01/−0.03, or H7/g6. Almost everyone who has looked at such drawings has asked the same questions: Why are some tolerances so strict? Why are some dimensions given default tolerances, while others are specified individually? Why are geometric tolerances like

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How to Address Display Errors in Pressure Transmitters

Pressure Transmitter /

1. Nitrogen-Hydrogen Compressor Stage 3 Outlet Pressure Display is Lower Than the Local Pressure Gauge Fault InspectionThe pressure displayed on the control panel is 0.6 MPa lower than the local pressure gauge. We checked and calibrated both the pressure gauge and the pressure transmitter, and both were accurate. However, the two readings still did not

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Where Should the Shut-off Valve for Differential Pressure Flowmeters Measuring Steam Be Installed?

Valve /

When using a differential pressure flowmeter to measure steam, where exactly should the shut-off valve on the pressure tap be installed — before or after the condensation tank? According to some literature, it should be installed after the condensation tank. However, in practice, most installations place it before the tank. Which of these is correct?

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Sealing Matters: Is Your Gasket Installed Correctly?

Instrumentation /

Gaskets are commonly used components in industrial equipment. But have you installed them properly? Incorrect installation can lead to gasket damage and even hazardous situations. Below is a step-by-step guide to ensure correct gasket installation. Tools You’ll Need for Installation Before starting, make sure to prepare the following tools: A calibrated torque wrench, hydraulic tightening

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Understanding Sampling and Signal Conversion: From Analog to Digital

Instrumentation /

1. What is Sampling? Sampling refers to the process of measuring and recording a continuous-time analog signal at fixed intervals, thereby converting the continuous-time signal into a discrete-time sequence. Sampling transforms the time axis from a continuous domain into an integer-indexed domain, allowing the signal to be processed by digital systems. The sampling rate is

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