A pH meter is primarily used to precisely measure the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid medium. It is a widely used, easy-to-operate, and simple laboratory instrument. However, various problems often occur during its use, such as fluctuating readings, calibration issues, problems with buffer solutions, etc. What are the causes of these issues? What is […]
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In the field of industrial automation, Distributed Control Systems (DCS) and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) are two widely adopted control solutions. While they may appear similar at first glance, their design philosophies, applications, and technical characteristics differ significantly. Understanding these differences is essential for making the right selection in any industrial project. This article analyzes
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Introduction Ensuring a leak-free connection for gases or liquids is critical in industrial applications. To achieve this, a clear understanding of tapered pipe threads is essential. This article explores tapered pipe threads, their standards, differences, and the importance of proper sealing techniques. Tapered vs. Parallel Threads Pipe threads are categorized into two main types: tapered
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Liquid level measurement in harsh industrial environments, such as the metallurgical and power industries, presents unique challenges due to extreme temperatures, high pressures, and corrosive media. Magnetic flap (magnetic level) gauges have become an industry-standard solution, providing reliable and accurate measurements. This article provides guidance on selecting suitable magnetic level gauges, tailored specifically for metallurgical
Selecting Magnetic Level Gauges for Metallurgical and Power Industries Read More »
A Coil Spring Limit Switch is a mechanical safety device widely used in industrial equipment to control movement and prevent machinery from exceeding its predefined operational limits. This innovative device integrates the mechanical properties of springs with electrical signals from coils, playing a crucial role in maintaining safety, precision, and reliability within mechanical systems. Working
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Instrument wiring and commissioning is critical in industrial automation, laboratories, or engineering applications. This document provides detailed guidelines and best practices to ensure accuracy, reliability, and safety in wiring and commissioning temperature, pressure, flow, and level instruments. 1. Instrument Wiring Essentials Temperature Instruments Thermocouples: Clearly distinguish polarity (typically red for positive). Ensure compensation cables match
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The representation of pH has long intrigued learners of chemistry. While the scientific community universally accepts this notation, the reasoning behind the lowercase “p” and uppercase “H” is often misunderstood. Let’s explore this topic in depth, starting with the basics of pH, its origins, and why this specific notation is used. 1. What is pH?
Why is “p” Lowercase and “H” Uppercase in pH? Read More »
1. Basic Requirements for Strong Acid Level Measurement Liquid level measurement refers to determining the position of a liquid in a storage tank, container, or pipeline relative to a reference point. For highly corrosive acids such as nitric acid (HNO₃), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), the key measurement requirements include: Safety: The selected
Level measurement for Nitric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, and Sulfuric Acid Read More »
Fundamental Formula: The flow rate (QQQ) is calculated using the formula: Where: Q is the flow rate, V is the flow velocity, D is the internal diameter of the pipe. This equation shows that if you know either the flow rate or the flow velocity, you can calculate the other parameter when the pipe diameter
The Relationship Between Pipe Diameter, Flow Rate, Flow Velocity, and Pressure Read More »
Calibrating a pH electrode is critical to ensure the accuracy and reliability of measurements taken by a pH meter. Below is a detailed guide to performing pH electrode calibration: I. Preparation Before Calibration 1. Inspect the Electrode Check carefully for any physical damage, such as cracks or air bubbles. Ensure the internal reference electrolyte solution
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