1. Introduction In process control systems, it is common to encounter situations where the effectiveness of one control loop depends on the status or mode of another. When this occurs, the loops are referred to as nested control loops. The most typical example is cascade control, but there are several other configurations, such as valve […]
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In industrial environments, the integrity of instrumentation cable trays is essential for ensuring the safety and stability of control systems. A common but often overlooked safety hazard is the falling off of cable tray covers. This issue can lead to potential injury, equipment damage, or service disruptions. This article analyzes the main causes of cable
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The TCP/IP protocol suite (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the foundational communication protocol for the modern Internet. It adopts a layered architecture to facilitate interoperability, scalability, and modular design. From bottom to top, the main layers are: Network Interface Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, and Application Layer. This article offers a detailed explanation of each
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Introduction In industrial piping systems, ensuring electrical continuity and safety is critical—especially in environments where flammable or explosive media are present. One frequently asked question is whether flanges connected by five bolts (or any bolted flange connection) still require bonding straps or jumpers. This article explores the technical rationale and applicable standards behind bonding requirements
Do Five-Bolt Flanges Require Electrical Bonding? A Detailed Analysis Read More »
1. Working Principle of a Torque Sensor A torque sensor, also known as a torque transducer, is a device that converts the mechanical torque applied to it into a measurable electrical signal. The most common type is the strain gauge torque sensor, which operates based on the Wheatstone bridge principle. In this design, strain gauges
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1. Overview of Push Buttons A push button is a type of manual control switch that is actuated by applying pressure using a part of the human body—typically the finger or palm. Equipped with a built-in spring mechanism for resetting, it is one of the most commonly used control devices in industrial and electrical systems.
Low-Voltage Electrical Design: Comprehensive Knowledge on Push Buttons Read More »
Electromagnetic flowmeters are widely used in industrial applications for measuring the flow rate of conductive liquids. Their structure is composed of several critical components, each with a unique function. This article provides an in-depth explanation of the components, their roles, and the key considerations for their design and application. 1. Magnetic Circuit System The magnetic
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1. Introduction In industrial automation, accurate and reliable liquid level control is essential to ensure operational safety, prevent overflow or leakage, and optimize process efficiency. One of the most effective devices used in this context is the liquid level switch—a point-level sensor that monitors whether the liquid reaches a specific high or low point in
1. Introduction A submersible level transmitter is a highly reliable device used for measuring liquid levels in various environments. Designed to be directly submerged in the measured medium, it operates through an integrated cable connection, making installation simple and convenient. The transmitter is equipped with an advanced signal amplification circuit that includes a wide voltage
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Background In a 120,000 tons-per-year polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production facility, a critical incident occurred during the commissioning of newly installed valves on a liquid chlorine storage tank. The sudden shutdown was triggered by a tripped power supply circuit, which resulted in a full-scale plant stoppage and elevated the risk of hazardous chemical leakage. The root
