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1. Overview of Instrument Tube Fittings Common fitting types: Straight union Elbow union Tee union Union with swivel nut Adapter Plug Transition fitting Pipe Thread Standards: Thread Type Angle & Description Standard NPT 60° tapered thread ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 PT 55° tapered thread (Japanese standard) JIS B 0203 G 55° parallel (non-sealing) thread ISO 228 1/4″,

1. Introduction As industrial processes evolve, hazardous substances such as flammable gases, vapors, dusts, and fibers are commonly present in production, processing, storage, and transportation.Explosion accidents, if not prevented, can lead to equipment damage, production downtime, and even severe casualties. To mitigate such risks, the concept of hazardous area zoning and classification has become a

In the world of industrial instrumentation, experience is not measured by years alone. You could work for ten years and merely repeat the first year’s experience nine times. Or, you might master the essentials in just three years, handling projects independently, thinking systematically, and solving problems methodically. Just like many other industries, instrumentation places heavy

1. Overview In industrial environments, proper installation of combustible and toxic gas detectors is essential for early leak detection, personnel safety, and fire/explosion prevention. This guide provides standard recommendations for installation height, spacing, positioning, and alarm thresholds. 2. Detector Placement Principles The layout of detectors should be based on gas dispersion patterns after a leak.

1. Introduction This guide provides detailed instructions for using a digital multimeter in typical industrial scenarios, such as current loop measurement, RTD and thermocouple testing, and voltage measurements. Emphasis is placed on safety, accuracy, and practical steps for on-site diagnostics. 2. Measuring 4–20 mA Current Loop Signals Method 1: Break-Point Series Measurement Ensure the loop