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In electrical and electronic engineering, GND (Ground) and COM (Common) are both widely used concepts, but they differ significantly in function, application, and electrical characteristics. Misunderstanding these terms can lead to wiring errors, signal interference, or even equipment damage. This article explains their differences with practical examples. 1. Definition and Core Function GND (Ground) Acts […]

The installation of instrument junction boxes must comply with relevant design and construction standards. The following guidelines summarize best practices based on HG/T 20512-2014 Instrument Piping and Wiring Design Code and related industry standards. 1. Location and Height Height Requirement: The center of the junction box should be installed at a height of 1.2–1.5 m

1. Introduction In industries such as petroleum, chemical, food, and pharmaceuticals, viscosity is a critical parameter for evaluating product performance and controlling production processes. The viscometer, as the core measurement tool, directly determines the stability of product quality and the reliability of research data.Therefore, regular calibration and verification of viscometers form the cornerstone of enterprise

1. Common Electrical Instruments 1.1 Multimeter Purpose: Used to measure DC/AC voltage, current, resistance, and in advanced models, capacitance, inductance, and power. Main Components: Indicator section: moving-coil meter (meter head). Measuring circuits: shunt, divider, rectifier. Switching device: selects measurement type and range. Usage Guidelines: Correctly connect test leads (red to “+”, black to “–”). Select