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In chemical production, distillation, fractionation, and rectification are the most commonly used techniques for separating liquid mixtures. While they share the same fundamental principle—separation based on differences in volatility—they differ in their operational methods, equipment complexity, and application areas. Understanding the connections and differences between these methods helps in selecting the most suitable separation technique, […]

This essential guide provides instrument fitters and engineers with the foundational knowledge, critical installation steps, and troubleshooting tips needed to master instrument tube fittings, focusing on the commonly used compression and threaded types. I. Fundamentals of Instrument Fittings 1. Common Fitting Types Connectors: Straight connectors, bulkhead unions, tees, and elbows. Specialized Types: Swivel nut fittings,

I. IP Protection Rating: Definition and Practical Applications The IP Protection Rating (Ingress Protection Rating) is a standard set by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to define the effectiveness of electrical enclosures against foreign objects (such as tools, dust, and fingers) and liquids (water). It is commonly used for electrical devices, lamps, distribution boxes, and

Overview of Explosion-Proof Classification Explosion-proof classification is a globally recognized standard system used to define the safe operational capabilities of electrical equipment in explosive environments. The primary purpose is to ensure that the equipment cannot act as an ignition source (e.g., sparks or high temperatures) that could trigger an explosion. Key Elements of Explosion-Proof Classification

In chemical manufacturing, stable operations are crucial—just like driving a car smoothly, where speed, direction, throttle, and brakes must work in harmony. If any of these components fluctuate too much, accidents are inevitable. Process fluctuations, including abnormal changes in temperature, pressure, flow rate, raw material composition, or equipment status, are among the most common and

This document outlines the risks associated with common operations in the instrumentation field and provides detailed preventive measures to ensure operational safety and accuracy. It serves as a guide for engineers and technicians to mitigate risks in various instrumentation tasks. 1. Equipment Power Shutdown and Activation Risks: Confusion between similar devices (e.g., A/B systems). Simultaneous

In practical applications, the naming relationship between DCS system tag numbers (logical points in the control room) and field instrument tag numbers (physical device labels) typically follows international standards (such as ISA S5.1) or factory-specific conventions. Below are common categories and examples: 1. Flow Measurement Instruments Field Instrument Tag: FT101 (Flow Transmitter) DCS Tag: FIC101:

When advanced control technologies began to gain traction, it was often claimed that they offered a smoother control process and better benefits, as depicted in the graph above. However, the truth is that any control technology, when properly implemented, can yield similar outcomes. Today, our understanding of PID control has evolved significantly. We now recognize

Most traditional flowmeters (such as electromagnetic, vortex, and turbine meters) require the pipe to be completely filled with fluid. In partially full pipe conditions, where gas (typically air) exists above the liquid, it can significantly affect the measurement accuracy and even damage the instruments. Below are some flowmeters specifically designed for partially full pipes or