PLC

Introduction Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) control has been the cornerstone of industrial automation for decades. While PID works reliably in single-variable systems with strong causal relationships, it faces significant limitations in multivariable and constrained processes. To address these challenges, two approaches have emerged: Advanced Regulatory Control (ARC) and Advanced Process Control (APC). This article compares ARC and […]

1. Introduction In chemical, petrochemical, and power industries, the Distributed Control System (DCS) acts as the central nervous system of the plant. It monitors process parameters, executes interlocks, and ensures stable operations.A DCS failure often means loss of process control: from partial shutdowns to plant-wide outages, or even major safety incidents. For this reason, operators,

In the realm of chemical plant operations, the discussion about integrating Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) with Central Control Systems (CCS) has gained attention. These two systems serve critical but distinct roles, and while integrating them might seem efficient, it poses significant technical and safety challenges. This article delves into the differences between SIS and CCS,

In electrical engineering, understanding power supply systems is essential for safe and efficient power distribution. TN-C, TN-S, and TN-C-S are three commonly used configurations, each with distinct characteristics, advantages, and applications. Here’s a detailed overview of these syst 1. TN-C System (Terra-Neutral Combined) In a TN-C system, the neutral (N) and protective earth (PE) conductors

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are widely used in industrial automation for precise control and monitoring of machinery. One common application involves integrating PLCs with encoders to measure rotational or linear motion. This article delves into how a PLC can receive and process encoder pulses effectively. 1. Understanding Encoder Types Before integrating an encoder with a

1) Why this matters Being able to read a cabinet and a cable schedule at a glance speeds up commissioning and reduces wiring mistakes that lead to nuisance trips or silent failures. This guide summarizes field-proven rules for AI/AO/DI/DO wiring, shows how to choose between NO/NC contacts under the fail-safe principle, and explains how to

Reviewing a chemical process design package is a crucial step in ensuring that the planned process meets engineering, safety, and operational standards. This detailed examination helps to prevent costly errors, maximize efficiency, and safeguard personnel and the environment. Here are the primary aspects that should be considered during the review of a chemical process design

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are at the heart of industrial automation, controlling processes from simple on/off operations to complex, multi-axis systems. Understanding how PLCs are classified, their functional tiers, software architecture, memory types, and advanced I/O capabilities is essential for selecting the right solution for your application. 1. PLC Classification by I/O Capacity PLCs can

SCADA talks to RTUs over a wired/wireless link using an agreed protocol (e.g., Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-104). Tags in SCADA map to RTU registers/points. Data is acquired cyclically (polling) and/or event-driven, then archived, visualized, alarmed, and used for control. 1) Typical Topology Layers: Field sensors & actuators — transmit process values (AI), states (DI), and

1. Overview Two-wire output is a common signal transmission method in industrial automation and process control systems. In a two-wire configuration, the same pair of wires is used to supply power to the instrument and to transmit output signals. The 8 mA and 16 mA output scheme is frequently adopted, especially in intrinsically safe explosion-proof