PLC

In electrical engineering, understanding power supply systems is essential for safe and efficient power distribution. TN-C, TN-S, and TN-C-S are three commonly used configurations, each with distinct characteristics, advantages, and applications. Here’s a detailed overview of these syst 1. TN-C System (Terra-Neutral Combined) In a TN-C system, the neutral (N) and protective earth (PE) conductors […]

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are widely used in industrial automation for precise control and monitoring of machinery. One common application involves integrating PLCs with encoders to measure rotational or linear motion. This article delves into how a PLC can receive and process encoder pulses effectively. 1. Understanding Encoder Types Before integrating an encoder with a

1) Why this matters Being able to read a cabinet and a cable schedule at a glance speeds up commissioning and reduces wiring mistakes that lead to nuisance trips or silent failures. This guide summarizes field-proven rules for AI/AO/DI/DO wiring, shows how to choose between NO/NC contacts under the fail-safe principle, and explains how to

Reviewing a chemical process design package is a crucial step in ensuring that the planned process meets engineering, safety, and operational standards. This detailed examination helps to prevent costly errors, maximize efficiency, and safeguard personnel and the environment. Here are the primary aspects that should be considered during the review of a chemical process design

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are at the heart of industrial automation, controlling processes from simple on/off operations to complex, multi-axis systems. Understanding how PLCs are classified, their functional tiers, software architecture, memory types, and advanced I/O capabilities is essential for selecting the right solution for your application. 1. PLC Classification by I/O Capacity PLCs can

SCADA talks to RTUs over a wired/wireless link using an agreed protocol (e.g., Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-104). Tags in SCADA map to RTU registers/points. Data is acquired cyclically (polling) and/or event-driven, then archived, visualized, alarmed, and used for control. 1) Typical Topology Layers: Field sensors & actuators — transmit process values (AI), states (DI), and

1. Overview Two-wire output is a common signal transmission method in industrial automation and process control systems. In a two-wire configuration, the same pair of wires is used to supply power to the instrument and to transmit output signals. The 8 mA and 16 mA output scheme is frequently adopted, especially in intrinsically safe explosion-proof

1. Overview Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are the backbone of industrial automation. When functional safety is part of the requirement, however, a Safety PLC is fundamentally different from a Standard PLC in design objectives, diagnostics, redundancy, and certification. Understanding these differences helps engineers select the right architecture, control lifecycle cost, and meet compliance. 2. Safety

In process industries such as oil & gas, petrochemicals, and power generation, the Safety Instrumented System (SIS) plays a critical role in preventing hazardous events and protecting people, equipment, and the environment.One frequently asked question in SIS design is: Should the SIS have its own dedicated operator station, or can it share the same station

A Distributed Control System (DCS) is essential in managing complex industrial processes, providing centralized control and monitoring while distributing the control tasks across a network of controllers. Used extensively in industries like manufacturing, petrochemicals, and utilities, a DCS helps ensure efficiency, reliability, and safety. In this blog post, we’ll explore the primary components of a